Sugarcane ethanol: Contributions to climate change - BAFF

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Chapter 6 Overall there are few di�erences between the policy objectives of G8 Countries and the +5 countries (Mexico, South Africa, Brazil, India, China). Rural development is more central to the +5 countries’ focus on bioenergy development, and this is o�en aligned with a poverty alleviation agenda. Bioenergy development is also seen as an opportunity to increase access to modern energy, including electri�cation, in rural areas. �e rural development objectives of the wealthier G8 countries focus more on rural revitalization. Similarly, in the +5 countries, agricultural objectives envisage new opportunities not just for high-end commercialised energy crop production, but also for poorer small-scale suppliers. Very important is that in many countries (both industrialized and developing) sustainability concerns, e.g. on land-use, competition with food, net GHG balances, water use and social consequences, has become an overriding issue. Development and implementation of sustainability criteria is now seen in a variety of countries (including the EU) and for various commodities (such as palm oil, sugar and soy) (Van Dam et al., 2008; Junginger et al., 2008). 3.2. Developments in vehicle technology Transport predominantly relies on a single fossil resource, petroleum that supplies 95% of the total energy used by world transport. In 2004, transport was responsible for 23% of world energy-related GHG emissions with about three quarters coming from road vehicles. (see also the breakdown of energy use of di�erent modes of transport in Table 2). Over the past decade, transport’s GHG emissions have increased at a faster rate than any other energyusing sector (Kahn Ribeiro et al., 2007). Figures 5a and 5b provide projections for the growth in energy use per mode of transport and per world region. Transport activity will continue to increase in the future as economic growth fuels transport demand and the availability of transport drives development, by Table 2. World transport energy use in 2000, by mode (Kahn Ribeiro et al., 2007, based on WBCSD, 2004b). Mode Energy use (EJ) Share (%) Light-duty vehicles 34.2 44.5 2-wheelers 1.2 1.6 Heavy freight trucks 12.48 16.2 Medium freight trucks 6.77 8.8 Buses 4.76 6.2 Rail 1.19 1.5 Air 8.95 11.6 Shipping 7.32 9.5 Total 76.87 100 146 Sugarcane ethanol
a EJ 200 b Demand for bioethanol for transport 150 100 50 Rail Water Air Buses Freight trucks 2-3 wheelers Africa Latin America Middle East India Other Asia China Eastern Europe EECCA OECD Pacific OECD Europe OECD N. America 0 LDVs Bunker fuel 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Figure 5. Projection of transport energy consumption by mode (a) and region (b) (WBCSD, 2004a). facilitating specialization and trade. �e majority of the world’s population still does not have access to personal vehicles and many do not have access to any form of motorized transport. However, this situation is rapidly changing. Freight transport has been growing even more rapidly than passenger transport and is expected to continue to do so in the future. Urban freight movements are predominantly by truck, while international freight is dominated by ocean shipping. Transport activity is expected to grow robustly over the next several decades. Unless there is a major shi� away from current patterns of energy use, world transport energy use is projected to increase at the rate of about 2% per year, with the highest rates of growth in the emerging economies. Total transport energy use and carbon emissions are projected to be about 80% higher than current levels by 2030 (Kahn Ribeiro et al., 2007). �ere is an ongoing debate about whether the world is nearing a peak in conventional oil production that will require a signi�cant and rapid transition to alternative energy resources. �ere is no shortage of alternative energy sources that could be used in the transport sector, including oil sands, shale oil, coal-to-liquids, gas-to-liquids, natural gas, biofuels, electricity and hydrogen produced from fossil fuels or renewable energy sources. Among these alternatives, unconventional fossil carbon resources could produce competitively priced fuels most compatible with the existing transport infrastructure, but these will lead to strongly increased carbon emissions (Kahn Ribeiro et al., 2007). Sugarcane ethanol 147
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Sugarcane ethanol Contributions to
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Table of contents Foreword 11 José
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Chapter 8 �e global impacts of US
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Foreword �e use of biofuels as a
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Executive summary Do biofuels help
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Executive summary 12. Projections o
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Chapter 1 Introduction to sugarcane
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Introduction to sugarcane ethanol A
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Introduction to sugarcane ethanol C
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Introduction to sugarcane ethanol F
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Introduction to sugarcane ethanol H
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Chapter 2 Production (million tons)
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Chapter 2 Table 2. Sugarcane produc
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Chapter 2 Harvested area (million h
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Chapter 2 million hectares 8 7 6 5
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Chapter 2 Table 5. Global significa
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Chapter 2 (FAOSTAT, 2008). �e lan
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Chapter 2 indicating that sugarcane
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Chapter 2 and vinasse produced duri
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Chapter 2 • • • • Harvested
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Chapter 2 2.2. AEZ assessment of la
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Chapter 2 The quantified descriptio
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Chapter 2 Table 8 summarizes by reg
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Chapter 2 Table 9. Suitability of u
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Chapter 2 Table 10. Suitability of
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Chapter 2 of bio-diversity and land
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Chapter 2 FAO, 1987. 1948-1985 Worl
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Chapter 2 Smeets, E., M. Junginger,
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Chapter 3 Considering that this deb
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Chapter 3 1,000 ha 9,000 8,000 7,00
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Chapter 3 Another source of data on
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Chapter 3 Figure 3. Different land
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Chapter 3 1-Pastureand crops expans
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Chapter 3 Given that the model is u
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Chapter 3 to the case studies; (d)
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Chapter 3 Mato Grosso do Sul in 200
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Chapter 3 the Pasture class increas
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Chapter 3 Table 5. Number of sugarc
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Chapter 3 of 12.6% from 2001 to 200
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Chapter 3 Table 6. South-Centre: ex
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Chapter 3 4.5. Options for approach
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Chapter 3 states that have lost pas
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Chapter 3 It is important to contex
Page 91 and 92: Chapter 4 Mitigation of GHG emissio
Page 93 and 94: Table 1. Basic data: sugarcane prod
Page 95 and 96: Mitigation of GHG emissions using s
Page 97 and 98: GHG emission (kg CO 2 eq/m 3 etOH)
Page 101 and 102: Table 7. Soil carbon content for di
Page 105 and 106: 5. Conclusions Mitigation of GHG em
Page 107: Mitigation of GHG emissions using s
Page 110 and 111: Chapter 5 Oil reserves - Gasoline/d
Page 112 and 113: Chapter 5 in research and developme
Page 114 and 115: Chapter 5 Table 3. Summary of main
Page 116 and 117: Chapter 5 3. Environmental indicato
Page 118 and 119: Chapter 5 Table 4. Carbon stock in
Page 120 and 121: Chapter 5 3.2. Water Total carbon i
Page 122 and 123: Chapter 5 3.3. Soil and fertilizers
Page 124 and 125: Chapter 5 3.4. Management of diseas
Page 126 and 127: Chapter 5 Table 10. Sugarcane and v
Page 128 and 129: Chapter 5 in the implementation of
Page 130 and 131: Chapter 5 Table 11. Continued. Crit
Page 132 and 133: Chapter 5 Brazilian Government. Lei
Page 134 and 135: Chapter 5 São Paulo State Governme
Page 136 and 137: Chapter 6 2. Development of the eth
Page 138 and 139: Chapter 6 blends by car manufacture
Page 140 and 141: Chapter 6 Brazil have been roughly
Page 144 and 145: Chapter 6 3.2.1. The impact of exis
Page 146 and 147: Chapter 6 �e use of ethanol in he
Page 148 and 149: Chapter 6 cropping systems that pro
Page 150 and 151: Chapter 6 certainty, the supply of
Page 152 and 153: Chapter 6 De Vries, B.J.M., D.P. va
Page 155 and 156: Chapter 7 Biofuel conversion techno
Page 157 and 158: Biofuel conversion technologies �
Page 159 and 160: Biofuel conversion technologies In
Page 161 and 162: Biofuel conversion technologies the
Page 163 and 164: Biofuel conversion technologies Imp
Page 165 and 166: Biofuel conversion technologies Pro
Page 167 and 168: Investment costs (Euro/kWth input c
Page 169 and 170: 4.2. Greenhouse gas balances Biofue
Page 171 and 172: Reduction in CO equivalent emission
Page 173 and 174: Biofuel conversion technologies �
Page 175 and 176: Biofuel conversion technologies pot
Page 177 and 178: Chapter 8 The global impacts of US
Page 179 and 180: The global impacts of US and EU bio
Page 187 and 188: Table 1. Change in output due to EU
Page 191 and 192: Forest cover Pasture cover USEU 201
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The global impacts of US and EU bio
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Chapter 9 also risks and serious tr
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Chapter 9 Box 2. Bioethanol stoves
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Chapter 9 �e highest impact on po
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Chapter 9 the increased generation
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Chapter 9 o�ers to support the MD
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Chapter 9 Price variation (%) 14 12
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Chapter 9 Dufey et al., 2007a). Leg
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Chapter 9 manufactured directly fro
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Chapter 9 in mechanical aid for the
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Chapter 9 Table 1. Import tariffs o
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Chapter 9 3.8. Improving efficiency
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Chapter 9 some minimum transport in
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Chapter 9 IEA, 2004. Biofuels for T
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Chapter 10 Why are current food pri
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Why are current food prices so high
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2.4 Long-term drivers of supply Why
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3.1. Effects on the supply side Why
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3.3 Policy responses to rising food
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3.4. Other effects • Why are curr
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- - - - Why are current food prices
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18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 5. The fut
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• • • Why are current food pr
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6.1. Policy implications Why are cu
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Why are current food prices so high
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Authors Dr. Marcos Adami, senior re
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Keyword index A Africa 204, 205, 20
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M maize 20, 83, 104, 173, 184, 187,
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