Sugarcane ethanol: Contributions to climate change - BAFF

Chapter 2
Harvested area (million hectares)
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Cane
Beet
Yields (tons per hectare)
Figure 2. Harvested area and yields of sugarcane and sugar beet, 1960-2007. Source: FAOSTAT,
online database at http://www.fao.org, accessed July 2008.
production, which has been attributed to various national and international factors, not
the least a low price of petroleum. Finally, the most rapid expansion of sugarcane harvested
areas occurred a�er 2000 and in particular during 2005 to 2008. �is time ethanol demand
to substitute for gasoline consumption became a driving force at the global level, with many
countries seeking ways to cut greenhouse gas emissions and reducing dependence of their
economies on imported fossil oil.
In recent years, biofuels have re-emerged as a possible option in response to climate change,
and also to concerns over energy security. At the same time, many concerns among experts
worldwide have been raised about the e�ectiveness to achieve these goals and the possible
negative impacts on the poor, in particular regarding food security (Scharlemann and
Laurance, 2008) and environmental consequences.
Recent sharp increases of agricultural prices have partly been blamed on rapid growth of
biofuel production, especially maize-based ethanol production in the United States, which
in 2007 absorbed more than a quarter of the US maize harvest. How important is sugarcane
in this respect, and what fraction of the global sugar harvest is currently used for ethanol
production?
Figure 5 shows world fuel ethanol production, which is dominated by two producers, the
USA and Brazil. In 2008 these two countries contribute nearly 90 percent of total fuel
ethanol production. �ough detailed data on used feedstocks are di�cult to obtain, it can
be concluded that 45-50% of the world fuel ethanol production is based on sugarcane,
requiring some 280 to 300 million tons of sugarcane from an estimated 3.75 million hectares
harvested area (Table 4).
34 Sugarcane ethanol
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Cane
Beet