Sugarcane ethanol: Contributions to climate change - BAFF

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Chapter 7 Hoogwijk, M., A. Faaij, B. de Vries and W. Turkenburg, 2008. Global potential of biomass for energy from energy crops under four GHG emission scenarios Part B: the economic potential. Biomass & Bioenergy, in press. Hoogwijk, M., A. Faaij, B. Eickhout, B.de Vries and W. Turkenburg, 2005. Potential of biomass energy out to 2100, for four IPCC SRES land-use scenarios. Biomass & Bioenergy 29: 225-257. Hunt, S., J. Easterly, A. Faaij, C. Flavin, L. Freimuth, U. Fritsche, M. Laser, L. Lynd, J. Moreira, S. Pacca, J.L. Sawin, L. Sorkin, P. Stair, A. Szwarc and S. Trindade, 2007. Biofuels for Transport: Global Potential and Implications for Energy and Agriculture. prepared by Worldwatch Institute, for the German Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection (BMELV) in coordination with the German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) and the German Agency of Renewable Resources (FNR), ISBN: 1844074226, Published by EarthScan/James & James, 336 pp. International Energy Agency, 2006. World Energy Outlook 2006, IEA Paris, France. Kahn Ribeiro, S., S. Kobayashi, M. Beuthe, J. Gasca, D. Greene, D.S. Lee, Y. Muromachi, P.J. Newton, S. Plotkin, D. Sperling, R. Wit and P.J. Zhou, 2007: Transport and its infrastructure. In: B. Metz, O.R. Davidson, P.R. Bosch, R. Dave and L.A. Meyer (eds.), Climate Change 2007: Mitigation contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge United Kingdom and New York, USA. Larson, E.D., 2005. A Review of LCA Studies on Liquid Biofuel Systems for the Transport Sector. Energy for Sustainable Development 11: October 2005. Lynd, L.R., W.H. van Zyl, J.E. McBride and M. Laser, 2005. Consolidated Bioprocessing of Lignocellulosic Biomass: An Update. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 16: 577-583. Macedo, I.d.C., M.R.L.V. Leal and J.E.A.R. Da Silva, 2004. Assessment of greenhouse gas emissions in the production and use of fuel ethanol in Brazil. Secretariat of the Environment of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Accessible at: http://www.unica.com.br/i_pages/�les/pdf_ingles.pdf OECD/FAO, 2007. Agricultural Outlook 2007-2016. Paris, France. Smeets, E., M. Junginger, A. Faaij, A. Walter, P. Dolzan and W. Turkenburg, 2008. �e sustainability of Brazilian Ethanol; an assessment of the possibilties of certi�ed production. Biomass & Bioenergy 32: 781-813. Tijmensen, M.J.A., A.P.C. Faaij, C.N. Hamelinck and M.R.M. van Hardeveld, 2002. Exploration of the possibilities for production of Fischer Tropsch liquids via biomass gasi�cation. Biomass & Bioenergy 23: 129-152. Wall-Bake, J.D., M. Junginger, A, Faaij, T. Poot and A. da Silva Walter, 2008. Explaining the experience curve: Cost reductions of Brazilian ethanol from sugarcane. Biomass & Bioenergy, in press. Williams, R.H., E.D. Larson, R.E. Katofsky and J. Chen, J., 1995. Methanol and hydrogen from biomass for transportation, with comparisons to methanol and hydrogen from natural gas and coal. Centre for Energy and Environmental Studies, Princeton University, reportno. 292. 180 Sugarcane ethanol
Chapter 8 The global impacts of US and EU biofuels policies Wallace E. Tyner 1. Introduction �e major biofuels producers in the world are the US, EU, and Brazil. Figure 1 shows the global breakdown of biofuels production for 2006. �e US and Brazil combine to produce three-fourths of global ethanol, and the EU produces three-fourths of global biodiesel. �e US overtook Brazil in ethanol production, and global production now exceeds 50 billion liters. Biodiesel total production is much smaller. In the US, Brazil, and the EU, the biofuels industries were launched with some combination of subsidies and mandates plus border protection. As production levels have grown and as oil prices have risen, all three are now switching in di�erent degrees from reliance on subsidies to reliance on mandates. One reason is the government budget cost of subsidies, which increase as production increases. Mandates also have a cost, but it is paid by consumers at the pump assuming the biofuel is more expensive to produce than the petroleum based fuel it replaces. �e consumer cost of a mandate is directly related to oil price. At low oil prices, a mandate can be expensive for consumers because high cost renewable fuel is mandated in lieu of a certain fraction of relatively lower cost petroleum. At high oil prices, the renewable fuel may even be less expensive than petroleum based fuels, so the cost can be much lower or zero. EU 3% India 4% China 8% others 11% Brazil 37% Ethanol USA 37% USA 20% others 4% Biodiesel EU 76% World ethanol production: 49.3 billion liters World biodiesel production: 5.6 billion liters Figure 1. Global biofuels production, 2006. Data sources: Earth Policy Institute (2006), Renewable Fuels Association (2007), European Biodiesel Board (2007). Sugarcane ethanol 181
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Sugarcane ethanol Contributions to
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Table of contents Foreword 11 José
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Chapter 8 �e global impacts of US
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Foreword �e use of biofuels as a
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Executive summary Do biofuels help
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Executive summary 12. Projections o
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Chapter 1 Introduction to sugarcane
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Introduction to sugarcane ethanol A
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Introduction to sugarcane ethanol C
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Introduction to sugarcane ethanol F
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Introduction to sugarcane ethanol H
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Chapter 2 Production (million tons)
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Chapter 2 Table 2. Sugarcane produc
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Chapter 2 Harvested area (million h
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Chapter 2 million hectares 8 7 6 5
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Chapter 2 Table 5. Global significa
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Chapter 2 (FAOSTAT, 2008). �e lan
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Chapter 2 indicating that sugarcane
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Chapter 2 and vinasse produced duri
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Chapter 2 • • • • Harvested
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Chapter 2 2.2. AEZ assessment of la
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Chapter 2 The quantified descriptio
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Chapter 2 Table 8 summarizes by reg
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Chapter 2 Table 9. Suitability of u
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Chapter 2 Table 10. Suitability of
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Chapter 2 of bio-diversity and land
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Chapter 2 FAO, 1987. 1948-1985 Worl
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Chapter 2 Smeets, E., M. Junginger,
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Chapter 3 Considering that this deb
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Chapter 3 1,000 ha 9,000 8,000 7,00
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Chapter 3 Another source of data on
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Chapter 3 Figure 3. Different land
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Chapter 3 1-Pastureand crops expans
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Chapter 3 Given that the model is u
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Chapter 3 to the case studies; (d)
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Chapter 3 Mato Grosso do Sul in 200
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Chapter 3 the Pasture class increas
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Chapter 3 Table 5. Number of sugarc
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Chapter 3 of 12.6% from 2001 to 200
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Chapter 3 Table 6. South-Centre: ex
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Chapter 3 4.5. Options for approach
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Chapter 3 states that have lost pas
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Chapter 3 It is important to contex
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Chapter 4 Mitigation of GHG emissio
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Table 1. Basic data: sugarcane prod
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Mitigation of GHG emissions using s
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GHG emission (kg CO 2 eq/m 3 etOH)
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Table 7. Soil carbon content for di
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5. Conclusions Mitigation of GHG em
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Chapter 5 Oil reserves - Gasoline/d
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Chapter 5 in research and developme
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Chapter 5 Table 3. Summary of main
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Chapter 5 3. Environmental indicato
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Chapter 5 Table 4. Carbon stock in
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Chapter 5 3.2. Water Total carbon i
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Chapter 5 3.3. Soil and fertilizers
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Chapter 5 3.4. Management of diseas
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Page 128 and 129: Chapter 5 in the implementation of
Page 130 and 131: Chapter 5 Table 11. Continued. Crit
Page 132 and 133: Chapter 5 Brazilian Government. Lei
Page 134 and 135: Chapter 5 São Paulo State Governme
Page 136 and 137: Chapter 6 2. Development of the eth
Page 138 and 139: Chapter 6 blends by car manufacture
Page 140 and 141: Chapter 6 Brazil have been roughly
Page 142 and 143: Chapter 6 Overall there are few di
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Page 146 and 147: Chapter 6 �e use of ethanol in he
Page 148 and 149: Chapter 6 cropping systems that pro
Page 150 and 151: Chapter 6 certainty, the supply of
Page 152 and 153: Chapter 6 De Vries, B.J.M., D.P. va
Page 155 and 156: Chapter 7 Biofuel conversion techno
Page 157 and 158: Biofuel conversion technologies �
Page 159 and 160: Biofuel conversion technologies In
Page 161 and 162: Biofuel conversion technologies the
Page 163 and 164: Biofuel conversion technologies Imp
Page 165 and 166: Biofuel conversion technologies Pro
Page 167 and 168: Investment costs (Euro/kWth input c
Page 169 and 170: 4.2. Greenhouse gas balances Biofue
Page 171 and 172: Reduction in CO equivalent emission
Page 173 and 174: Biofuel conversion technologies �
Page 175: Biofuel conversion technologies pot
Page 179 and 180: The global impacts of US and EU bio
Page 187 and 188: Table 1. Change in output due to EU
Page 191 and 192: Forest cover Pasture cover USEU 201
Page 193: The global impacts of US and EU bio
Page 196 and 197: Chapter 9 also risks and serious tr
Page 198 and 199: Chapter 9 Box 2. Bioethanol stoves
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Page 206 and 207: Chapter 9 Price variation (%) 14 12
Page 208 and 209: Chapter 9 Dufey et al., 2007a). Leg
Page 210 and 211: Chapter 9 manufactured directly fro
Page 212 and 213: Chapter 9 in mechanical aid for the
Page 214 and 215: Chapter 9 Table 1. Import tariffs o
Page 216 and 217: Chapter 9 3.8. Improving efficiency
Page 218 and 219: Chapter 9 some minimum transport in
Page 220 and 221: Chapter 9 IEA, 2004. Biofuels for T
Page 223 and 224: Chapter 10 Why are current food pri
Page 225 and 226: Why are current food prices so high
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2.4 Long-term drivers of supply Why
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3.1. Effects on the supply side Why
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3.3 Policy responses to rising food
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3.4. Other effects • Why are curr
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- - - - Why are current food prices
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18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 5. The fut
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• • • Why are current food pr
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6.1. Policy implications Why are cu
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Why are current food prices so high
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Authors Dr. Marcos Adami, senior re
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Keyword index A Africa 204, 205, 20
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M maize 20, 83, 104, 173, 184, 187,
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