Sugarcane ethanol: Contributions to climate change - BAFF

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Chapter 9 Box 2. Bioethanol stoves to condominium residents in Addis Ababa in Ethiopia In Ethiopia the Municipality of Addis Ababa EPA (Environmental Protection Authority) and a Sub- City district are working closely with Gaia Association, Dometic AB, Makobu Enterprises, and Finchaa Sugar Factory to develop a project whereby initially 2000 CleanCook (CC) stoves will be installed in newly built condominium apartments. Wood and charcoal stoves are not permitted in these condominium buildings. The CC stove is financed within the condominium unit price. Financing is provided by the condominium association with the assistance of the Municipal EPA, the Sub-City Administration and a financing entity. The finance rate is regulated by the government and is kept low. The bioethanol used in the project is produced at one of three state-owned sugar factories at a contractual price by Makobu Enterprises and delivered to the condominium. The fuel storage and distribution infrastructure will be financed by the condominium association. The Ethiopian EPA will work with one Sub-City Administration to package the stove financing into the condominium financing through the national bank. As a result, 2000 CC stoves will be financed in 2008 and approximately 360,000 liters of domestically produced bioethanol will supplant kerosene, charcoal and firewood use. The other nine Sub-City administrations could replicate the model. Since the CC stove is clean burning, its introduction will improve indoor air quality and, consequently, household health. Another advantage of this model lies in the potential for Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) financing. It is important to note the government has had a central role for the development of a domestic bioethanol industry in Ethiopia, as well as for building a local market for bioethanol as a household cooking fuel. Indeed, after considering allocating bioethanol for fuel blending in the transport sector in 2006, the Government got convinced that the most significant socioeconomic and environmental benefits would stem from prioritizing the use in the domestic household sector. Source: adapted from Lambe (2008). many rural areas is unlikely to happen in the near future, so access to modern decentralized small-scale energy technologies, particularly renewables are an important element for e�ective poverty alleviation policies (Gonsalves, 2006a). In this context, bioethanol can be directed towards high value added uses such as lighting or motors, which can lead to income generating activities. But the e�ectiveness of using sugarcane bioethanol for these uses would need to be assessed against those of other energy crops or renewable sources such as small hydropower. 2.3. Improved trade balance Heavy reliance on foreign energy sources means countries have to spend a large proportion of their foreign currency reserves on oil imports. Oil import dependency is especially acute 202 Sugarcane ethanol
Impacts of sugarcane bioethanol towards the Millennium Development Goals in Sub-Saharan and East Asian countries, where 98 percent and 85 percent of their oil needs are met by imports, respectively (ESMAP, 2005a). Changes in oil prices have devastating e�ects in these countries. For instance, the 2005 oil price surge reduced Gross Domestic Product growth of net oil importing countries from 6.4 percent to 3.7 percent, and, as a consequence, the number of people in poverty rose by as much as 4-6 percent, with nearly 20 countries experiencing increases of more than 2 percent (ESMAP, 2006). Domestically produced bioethanol o�ers oil importing countries an opportunity to improve their trade balance. In Brazil, for instance, the replacement of imported gasoline by sugarcane bioethanol saved the country some US$ 61 billion in avoided oil imports during the last eight years – equating the total amount of the Brazilian external public debt (FAO, 2007). In Colombia, the implementation of the bioethanol programme would result in foreign exchange savings of US$ 150 million a year (Echeverri-Campuzano, 2000). 2.4. Rural development and creation of sustainable livelihoods Biofuels provide new economic opportunities and employment in the agricultural sector, key aspects for poverty reduction. �ey generate a new demand for agricultural products that goes beyond traditional food, feed and �bre uses, expanding domestic markets for agricultural produce and paving the way for more value-added produce. All of these aspects enhance rural development, especially in developing countries where most of the population live in rural areas. For instance, Echeverri-Campuzano (2002) estimates that every Colombian farming family engaged in bioethanol production will earn two to three times the minimum salary (US$ 4,000/year). In South Africa meeting targets of E8 and B2 would contribute 0.11 percent to the country’s Gross Domestic Product. Most of the positive e�ect would take place in rural areas characterized by unemployment and rising poverty (Cartwright, 2007). Compared to other sources of energy, biofuels are labour intensive. �eir production is expected to generate more employment per unit of energy than conventional fuels and more employment per unit investment than in the industrial, petrochemical or hydropower sector (UN-Energy, 2007). Creation of rural employment and the related livelihoods are all key aspects for rural development and poverty reduction. In Brazil estimations of direct employment associated with sugarcane bioethanol production ranges from 500,000 and 1 million (Worldwatch Institute, 2006; FAO, 2007) with indirect employment in the order of 6 million. Although most of them are �lled by the lower-skilled, poorest workers in rural areas (Macedo, 2005), average earnings are considered better than in other sectors as the average family income of the employees ranks in the upper 50 percentile (FAO, 2007). In India, country that houses 22 percent of the world’s poor, the sugarcane industry including bioethanol production is the biggest agroindustry in the country and the source of livelihood of 7.5 percent of the rural population. Half a million people are employed as skilled or semiskilled labourers in sugarcane cultivation (Gonsalves, 2006a). Sugarcane ethanol 203
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Sugarcane ethanol Contributions to
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Table of contents Foreword 11 José
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Chapter 8 �e global impacts of US
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Foreword �e use of biofuels as a
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Executive summary Do biofuels help
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Executive summary 12. Projections o
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Chapter 1 Introduction to sugarcane
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Introduction to sugarcane ethanol A
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Introduction to sugarcane ethanol C
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Introduction to sugarcane ethanol F
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Introduction to sugarcane ethanol H
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Chapter 2 Production (million tons)
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Chapter 2 Table 2. Sugarcane produc
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Chapter 2 Harvested area (million h
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Chapter 2 million hectares 8 7 6 5
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Chapter 2 Table 5. Global significa
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Chapter 2 (FAOSTAT, 2008). �e lan
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Chapter 2 indicating that sugarcane
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Chapter 2 and vinasse produced duri
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Chapter 2 • • • • Harvested
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Chapter 2 2.2. AEZ assessment of la
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Chapter 2 The quantified descriptio
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Chapter 2 Table 8 summarizes by reg
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Chapter 2 Table 9. Suitability of u
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Chapter 2 Table 10. Suitability of
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Chapter 2 of bio-diversity and land
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Chapter 2 FAO, 1987. 1948-1985 Worl
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Chapter 2 Smeets, E., M. Junginger,
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Chapter 3 Considering that this deb
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Chapter 3 1,000 ha 9,000 8,000 7,00
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Chapter 3 Another source of data on
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Chapter 3 Figure 3. Different land
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Chapter 3 1-Pastureand crops expans
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Chapter 3 Given that the model is u
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Chapter 3 to the case studies; (d)
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Chapter 3 Mato Grosso do Sul in 200
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Chapter 3 the Pasture class increas
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Chapter 3 Table 5. Number of sugarc
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Chapter 3 of 12.6% from 2001 to 200
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Chapter 3 Table 6. South-Centre: ex
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Chapter 3 4.5. Options for approach
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Chapter 3 states that have lost pas
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Chapter 3 It is important to contex
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Chapter 4 Mitigation of GHG emissio
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Table 1. Basic data: sugarcane prod
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Mitigation of GHG emissions using s
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GHG emission (kg CO 2 eq/m 3 etOH)
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Table 7. Soil carbon content for di
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5. Conclusions Mitigation of GHG em
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Chapter 5 Oil reserves - Gasoline/d
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Chapter 5 in research and developme
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Chapter 5 Table 3. Summary of main
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Chapter 5 3. Environmental indicato
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Chapter 5 Table 4. Carbon stock in
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Chapter 5 3.2. Water Total carbon i
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Chapter 5 3.3. Soil and fertilizers
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Chapter 5 3.4. Management of diseas
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Chapter 5 Table 10. Sugarcane and v
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Chapter 5 in the implementation of
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Chapter 5 Table 11. Continued. Crit
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Chapter 5 Brazilian Government. Lei
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Chapter 5 São Paulo State Governme
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Chapter 6 2. Development of the eth
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Chapter 6 blends by car manufacture
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Chapter 6 Brazil have been roughly
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Chapter 6 Overall there are few di
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Chapter 6 3.2.1. The impact of exis
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Chapter 6 �e use of ethanol in he
Page 148 and 149: Chapter 6 cropping systems that pro
Page 150 and 151: Chapter 6 certainty, the supply of
Page 152 and 153: Chapter 6 De Vries, B.J.M., D.P. va
Page 155 and 156: Chapter 7 Biofuel conversion techno
Page 157 and 158: Biofuel conversion technologies �
Page 159 and 160: Biofuel conversion technologies In
Page 161 and 162: Biofuel conversion technologies the
Page 163 and 164: Biofuel conversion technologies Imp
Page 165 and 166: Biofuel conversion technologies Pro
Page 167 and 168: Investment costs (Euro/kWth input c
Page 169 and 170: 4.2. Greenhouse gas balances Biofue
Page 171 and 172: Reduction in CO equivalent emission
Page 173 and 174: Biofuel conversion technologies �
Page 175 and 176: Biofuel conversion technologies pot
Page 177 and 178: Chapter 8 The global impacts of US
Page 179 and 180: The global impacts of US and EU bio
Page 187 and 188: Table 1. Change in output due to EU
Page 191 and 192: Forest cover Pasture cover USEU 201
Page 193: The global impacts of US and EU bio
Page 196 and 197: Chapter 9 also risks and serious tr
Page 200 and 201: Chapter 9 �e highest impact on po
Page 202 and 203: Chapter 9 the increased generation
Page 204 and 205: Chapter 9 o�ers to support the MD
Page 206 and 207: Chapter 9 Price variation (%) 14 12
Page 208 and 209: Chapter 9 Dufey et al., 2007a). Leg
Page 210 and 211: Chapter 9 manufactured directly fro
Page 212 and 213: Chapter 9 in mechanical aid for the
Page 214 and 215: Chapter 9 Table 1. Import tariffs o
Page 216 and 217: Chapter 9 3.8. Improving efficiency
Page 218 and 219: Chapter 9 some minimum transport in
Page 220 and 221: Chapter 9 IEA, 2004. Biofuels for T
Page 223 and 224: Chapter 10 Why are current food pri
Page 225 and 226: Why are current food prices so high
Page 227 and 228: 2.4 Long-term drivers of supply Why
Page 229 and 230: 3.1. Effects on the supply side Why
Page 231 and 232: 3.3 Policy responses to rising food
Page 233 and 234: 3.4. Other effects • Why are curr
Page 235 and 236: - - - - Why are current food prices
Page 237 and 238: 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 5. The fut
Page 239 and 240: • • • Why are current food pr
Page 241 and 242: 6.1. Policy implications Why are cu
Page 243: Why are current food prices so high
Page 247 and 248: Authors Dr. Marcos Adami, senior re
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Keyword index A Africa 204, 205, 20
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M maize 20, 83, 104, 173, 184, 187,
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Sugarcane ethanol: Contributions to climate change - BAFF

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