Sugarcane ethanol: Contributions to climate change - BAFF

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Chapter 7 Biofuel conversion technologies Andre Faaij 1. Introduction In the current heated societal debate about the sustainability of biofuels, usually a distinction is made between so-called ‘�rst’ and ‘second’ generation biofuels. A large number of options to produce biomass from biofuel is used or are possible (a simpli�ed overview of options is given in Figure 1). Although de�nitions di�er between publications, �rst generation biofuels typically are produced from food crops as oilseeds (rapeseed, palm oil), starch crops (cereals, maize) or sugar crops (sugar beet and sugarcane). Conversion technologies are commercial and typically feedstock costs dominate the overall biofuel production costs. Furthermore, Lignocellulosic biomass Sugar/starch crops Oil plants Gasification Syngas Anaerobic digestion Flash pyrolysis Hydrothermal liquefaction Hydrolysis Milling and hydrolysis Pressing or extraction Biogas Bio oil Sugar Vegetable oil Water gas shift + separation Catalysed synthesis Purification Hydro treating and refining Fermentation Esterification Hydrogen (H 2 ) Methanol (CH 3 OH) DME (CH 3 OCH 3 ) FT Diesel (C x H y ) SNG (CH 4 ) Biodiesel (C x H y ) Ethanol (CH 3 CH 2 OH) Biodiesel (alkyl esters) Bio oil (vegetable oil) Figure 1. different existing and possible biofuel production routes (Hamelinck and Faaij, 2006). This is a simplified overview; other production chains are possible for example by combining conversion pathways, e.g. combined ethanol and biogas production, ethanol production and gasification of lignine for synfuels and integrated concepts with other industrial processes (pulp & paper plants) or bio refineries. Sugarcane ethanol 159
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Sugarcane ethanol Contributions to
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Table of contents Foreword 11 José
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Chapter 8 �e global impacts of US
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Foreword �e use of biofuels as a
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Executive summary Do biofuels help
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Executive summary 12. Projections o
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Chapter 1 Introduction to sugarcane
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Introduction to sugarcane ethanol A
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Introduction to sugarcane ethanol C
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Introduction to sugarcane ethanol F
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Introduction to sugarcane ethanol H
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Chapter 2 Production (million tons)
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Chapter 2 Table 2. Sugarcane produc
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Chapter 2 Harvested area (million h
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Chapter 2 million hectares 8 7 6 5
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Chapter 2 Table 5. Global significa
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Chapter 2 (FAOSTAT, 2008). �e lan
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Chapter 2 indicating that sugarcane
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Chapter 2 and vinasse produced duri
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Chapter 2 • • • • Harvested
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Chapter 2 2.2. AEZ assessment of la
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Chapter 2 The quantified descriptio
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Chapter 2 Table 8 summarizes by reg
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Chapter 2 Table 9. Suitability of u
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Chapter 2 Table 10. Suitability of
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Chapter 2 of bio-diversity and land
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Chapter 2 FAO, 1987. 1948-1985 Worl
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Chapter 2 Smeets, E., M. Junginger,
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Chapter 3 Considering that this deb
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Chapter 3 1,000 ha 9,000 8,000 7,00
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Chapter 3 Another source of data on
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Chapter 3 Figure 3. Different land
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Chapter 3 1-Pastureand crops expans
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Chapter 3 Given that the model is u
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Chapter 3 to the case studies; (d)
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Chapter 3 Mato Grosso do Sul in 200
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Chapter 3 the Pasture class increas
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Chapter 3 Table 5. Number of sugarc
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Chapter 3 of 12.6% from 2001 to 200
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Chapter 3 Table 6. South-Centre: ex
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Chapter 3 4.5. Options for approach
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Chapter 3 states that have lost pas
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Chapter 3 It is important to contex
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Chapter 4 Mitigation of GHG emissio
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Table 1. Basic data: sugarcane prod
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Mitigation of GHG emissions using s
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GHG emission (kg CO 2 eq/m 3 etOH)
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Mitigation of GHG emissions using s
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Table 7. Soil carbon content for di
Page 103 and 104: Mitigation of GHG emissions using s
Page 105 and 106: 5. Conclusions Mitigation of GHG em
Page 107: Mitigation of GHG emissions using s
Page 110 and 111: Chapter 5 Oil reserves - Gasoline/d
Page 112 and 113: Chapter 5 in research and developme
Page 114 and 115: Chapter 5 Table 3. Summary of main
Page 116 and 117: Chapter 5 3. Environmental indicato
Page 118 and 119: Chapter 5 Table 4. Carbon stock in
Page 120 and 121: Chapter 5 3.2. Water Total carbon i
Page 122 and 123: Chapter 5 3.3. Soil and fertilizers
Page 124 and 125: Chapter 5 3.4. Management of diseas
Page 126 and 127: Chapter 5 Table 10. Sugarcane and v
Page 128 and 129: Chapter 5 in the implementation of
Page 130 and 131: Chapter 5 Table 11. Continued. Crit
Page 132 and 133: Chapter 5 Brazilian Government. Lei
Page 134 and 135: Chapter 5 São Paulo State Governme
Page 136 and 137: Chapter 6 2. Development of the eth
Page 138 and 139: Chapter 6 blends by car manufacture
Page 140 and 141: Chapter 6 Brazil have been roughly
Page 142 and 143: Chapter 6 Overall there are few di
Page 144 and 145: Chapter 6 3.2.1. The impact of exis
Page 146 and 147: Chapter 6 �e use of ethanol in he
Page 148 and 149: Chapter 6 cropping systems that pro
Page 150 and 151: Chapter 6 certainty, the supply of
Page 152 and 153: Chapter 6 De Vries, B.J.M., D.P. va
Page 156 and 157: Chapter 7 in particular when food c
Page 158 and 159: Chapter 7 �e three categories add
Page 160 and 161: Chapter 7 Current insights provide
Page 162 and 163: Chapter 7 maximised fuel production
Page 164 and 165: Chapter 7 To date, acid treatment i
Page 166 and 167: Chapter 7 Table 1. Performance leve
Page 168 and 169: Chapter 7 Industrial interest in th
Page 170 and 171: Chapter 7 According to Larson (2005
Page 172 and 173: Chapter 7 Table 3. Distance that ca
Page 174 and 175: Chapter 7 First generation biofuels
Page 176 and 177: Chapter 7 Hoogwijk, M., A. Faaij, B
Page 178 and 179: Chapter 8 In Brazil, subsidies have
Page 180 and 181: Chapter 8 Crude ($/bbl.) 140.00 120
Page 182 and 183: Chapter 8 $/mt. 300.00 250.00 200.0
Page 184 and 185: Chapter 8 Bil.$/yr 18.0 16.0 14.0 1
Page 186 and 187: Chapter 8 �e starting point for o
Page 188 and 189: Chapter 8 Table 2 reports changes i
Page 190 and 191: Chapter 8 Table 3. Decomposition of
Page 192 and 193: Chapter 8 results clearly illustrat
Page 195 and 196: Chapter 9 Impacts of sugarcane bioe
Page 197 and 198: Impacts of sugarcane bioethanol tow
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Impacts of sugarcane bioethanol tow
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Chapter 10 Figure 2 depicts the pri
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Chapter 10 Figure 4. World populati
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Chapter 10 Average annual growth ra
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Chapter 10 • aimed to restrict su
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Chapter 10 Table 1. Policy response
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Chapter 10 Figure 10. CBOT Corn Mar
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Chapter 10 • 160 150 140 130 120
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Chapter 10 then the impact on world
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Chapter 10 �is illustrative compa
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Chapter 10 measures should enable e
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Acknowledgements We would like to e
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Authors Dr. Andre Meloni Nassar is
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Keyword index - solar 11 environmen
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Sugarcane ethanol: Contributions to climate change - BAFF

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