Sugarcane ethanol: Contributions to climate change - BAFF

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Chapter 3 1-Pastureand crops expansion Figure 4. Land use dynamics’ categories used for micro-regional secondary data analysis. 3.3. Case studies through environmental licensing reports (past and near future trend) �is third method is an empirical study which aims to collect �eld data from sugarcane mills in six states where the crop is under strong expansion or is expected to be in near future: São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás and Tocantins 5 . Environmental Impact Assessments presented in �les of environmental licenses in governmental bodies can be a useful source of information about many environmental, social and economic impacts caused by any business venture. Environmental licensing is an important instrument present in the Brazilian Environmental Policy and all sugarcane mills are required to have this license to operate. Governmental agencies responsible for issuing environmental licenses - state bodies in this case – de�ne which type of study will be necessary for the entrepreneur to present. �e most complex type of study would be the Environmental Impact Study (EIA, in Portuguese acronym) and the respective Environmental Impact Report (RIMA, which is a synthesis of EIA in a non-technical language). �is study, made by the entrepreneur, contains a full characterization of the business venture, a diagnosis of the surrounding area (here including information on land use), and the impacts it will cause (natural vegetation suppression included). Even in the less complex studies, this kind of information is generally available. 5 State of Paraná was excluded due to research restrictions imposed by the environmental authority of the state government. Increased (+) Pasture land and crops + + - + - - 2-Agricultural expansion Total used area (sugarcane + pasture + crops) - + - + Pasture land and crops 3-Sugarcane expansion Pasture land and crops 4-Other activities expansion Decreased (-) Sugarcane Sugarcane Pasture land and crops 5-Declining agriculture 6-Sugarcane over other activities 72 Sugarcane ethanol
Prospects of the sugarcane expansion in Brazil �rough the environmental studies used to get this license, and through the governmental agencies’ database, one can obtain the exact location of mills and the economically feasible surrounding area where sugarcane is or will be cultivated. Knowing current land use in these areas by the time of the study, one can know land use prior to sugarcane plantations, as well as the type of original natural landscape when this is present. Brazilian environmental licensing system is composed of three di�erent phases, each of them resulting in a di�erent license. �e environmental study required by the appropriate governmental agency has to be submitted and approved to obtain the Previous License (LP, in Portuguese). �e LP certi�es the environmental viability of the project at that speci�c location, and it means the entrepreneur can ask for the Installation License (LI). Just with the LI it is legal to start the construction of the mill plant, but to initiate operation and production, the Operation License (LO) is required. �e LP analysis generally takes long, because the agency must analyze deep studies, such as EIA-RIMAs, while to issue the other two licenses the approval periods are usually smaller. By knowing which phase of the environmental licensing a mill project is ongoing or when the LO was issued, one can know when the mill will start or has started production. Furthermore, the environmental study speci�es the business plan, which includes expected date to start-up. Field research was conduced between May and June, 2008. 3.4. Projecting sugarcane expansion and changes in land use �e approach used for projecting land allocation for sugarcane is based on a partial equilibrium model that is under development by the Institute for International Trade Negotiations (ICONE). �e model is based on demand response to price changes and supply response to market returns (pro�tability) changes. National and regional prices are calculated according to a basic assumption of microeconomics: they are achieved when supply and demand prices for each coincide, generating a market equilibrium. �e model comprises 11 categories of products (sugarcane, soybean, maize, cotton, rice, dry beans, milk, beef, chicken, eggs and pork) and 6 regions: South (states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Paraná), Southeast (states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo), Central-West Cerrados (states of Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul and Mato Grosso under the Cerrados ecosystem), North-northeast Cerrados (states of Tocantins, Bahia, Piauí and Maranhão under the Cerrado ecosystem), Amazon Biome (states of Acre, Amazonas, Rondônia, Roraima, Amapá, Pará and Mato Grosso under the Amazon ecosystem) and Northeast Coast (states of Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Alagoas and Sergipe). Estimated projections are performed on a yearly basis over a period of 10 years. Sugarcane ethanol 73
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Sugarcane ethanol Contributions to
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Table of contents Foreword 11 José
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Chapter 8 �e global impacts of US
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Foreword �e use of biofuels as a
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Executive summary Do biofuels help
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Executive summary 12. Projections o
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Chapter 1 Introduction to sugarcane
Page 17 and 18: Introduction to sugarcane ethanol A
Page 19 and 20: Introduction to sugarcane ethanol C
Page 21 and 22: Introduction to sugarcane ethanol F
Page 23: Introduction to sugarcane ethanol H
Page 26 and 27: Chapter 2 Production (million tons)
Page 28 and 29: Chapter 2 Table 2. Sugarcane produc
Page 30 and 31: Chapter 2 Harvested area (million h
Page 32 and 33: Chapter 2 million hectares 8 7 6 5
Page 34 and 35: Chapter 2 Table 5. Global significa
Page 36 and 37: Chapter 2 (FAOSTAT, 2008). �e lan
Page 38 and 39: Chapter 2 indicating that sugarcane
Page 40 and 41: Chapter 2 and vinasse produced duri
Page 42 and 43: Chapter 2 • • • • Harvested
Page 44 and 45: Chapter 2 2.2. AEZ assessment of la
Page 46 and 47: Chapter 2 The quantified descriptio
Page 48 and 49: Chapter 2 Table 8 summarizes by reg
Page 50 and 51: Chapter 2 Table 9. Suitability of u
Page 52 and 53: Chapter 2 Table 10. Suitability of
Page 54 and 55: Chapter 2 of bio-diversity and land
Page 56 and 57: Chapter 2 FAO, 1987. 1948-1985 Worl
Page 58 and 59: Chapter 2 Smeets, E., M. Junginger,
Page 60 and 61: Chapter 3 Considering that this deb
Page 62 and 63: Chapter 3 1,000 ha 9,000 8,000 7,00
Page 64 and 65: Chapter 3 Another source of data on
Page 66 and 67: Chapter 3 Figure 3. Different land
Page 70 and 71: Chapter 3 Given that the model is u
Page 72 and 73: Chapter 3 to the case studies; (d)
Page 74 and 75: Chapter 3 Mato Grosso do Sul in 200
Page 76 and 77: Chapter 3 the Pasture class increas
Page 78 and 79: Chapter 3 Table 5. Number of sugarc
Page 80 and 81: Chapter 3 of 12.6% from 2001 to 200
Page 82 and 83: Chapter 3 Table 6. South-Centre: ex
Page 84 and 85: Chapter 3 4.5. Options for approach
Page 86 and 87: Chapter 3 states that have lost pas
Page 88 and 89: Chapter 3 It is important to contex
Page 91 and 92: Chapter 4 Mitigation of GHG emissio
Page 93 and 94: Table 1. Basic data: sugarcane prod
Page 95 and 96: Mitigation of GHG emissions using s
Page 97 and 98: GHG emission (kg CO 2 eq/m 3 etOH)
Page 101 and 102: Table 7. Soil carbon content for di
Page 105 and 106: 5. Conclusions Mitigation of GHG em
Page 107: Mitigation of GHG emissions using s
Page 110 and 111: Chapter 5 Oil reserves - Gasoline/d
Page 112 and 113: Chapter 5 in research and developme
Page 114 and 115: Chapter 5 Table 3. Summary of main
Page 116 and 117: Chapter 5 3. Environmental indicato
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Chapter 5 Table 4. Carbon stock in
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Chapter 5 3.2. Water Total carbon i
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Chapter 5 3.3. Soil and fertilizers
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Chapter 5 3.4. Management of diseas
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Chapter 5 Table 10. Sugarcane and v
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Chapter 5 in the implementation of
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Chapter 5 Table 11. Continued. Crit
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Chapter 5 Brazilian Government. Lei
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Chapter 5 São Paulo State Governme
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Chapter 6 2. Development of the eth
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Chapter 6 blends by car manufacture
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Chapter 6 Brazil have been roughly
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Chapter 6 Overall there are few di
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Chapter 6 3.2.1. The impact of exis
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Chapter 6 �e use of ethanol in he
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Chapter 6 cropping systems that pro
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Chapter 6 certainty, the supply of
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Chapter 6 De Vries, B.J.M., D.P. va
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Chapter 7 Biofuel conversion techno
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Biofuel conversion technologies �
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Biofuel conversion technologies In
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Biofuel conversion technologies the
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Biofuel conversion technologies Imp
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Biofuel conversion technologies Pro
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Investment costs (Euro/kWth input c
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4.2. Greenhouse gas balances Biofue
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Reduction in CO equivalent emission
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Biofuel conversion technologies �
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Biofuel conversion technologies pot
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Chapter 8 The global impacts of US
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The global impacts of US and EU bio
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Table 1. Change in output due to EU
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Forest cover Pasture cover USEU 201
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Chapter 9 also risks and serious tr
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Chapter 9 Box 2. Bioethanol stoves
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Chapter 9 �e highest impact on po
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Chapter 9 the increased generation
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Chapter 9 o�ers to support the MD
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Chapter 9 Price variation (%) 14 12
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Chapter 9 Dufey et al., 2007a). Leg
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Chapter 9 manufactured directly fro
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Chapter 9 in mechanical aid for the
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Chapter 9 Table 1. Import tariffs o
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Chapter 9 3.8. Improving efficiency
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Chapter 9 some minimum transport in
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Chapter 9 IEA, 2004. Biofuels for T
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Chapter 10 Why are current food pri
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Why are current food prices so high
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2.4 Long-term drivers of supply Why
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3.1. Effects on the supply side Why
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3.3 Policy responses to rising food
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3.4. Other effects • Why are curr
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- - - - Why are current food prices
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18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 5. The fut
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• • • Why are current food pr
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6.1. Policy implications Why are cu
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Why are current food prices so high
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Authors Dr. Marcos Adami, senior re
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Keyword index A Africa 204, 205, 20
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M maize 20, 83, 104, 173, 184, 187,
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Sugarcane ethanol: Contributions to climate change - BAFF

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