Sugarcane ethanol: Contributions to climate change - BAFF

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Chapter 2 Smeets, E., M. Junginger, A. Faaij, A. Walter, P. Dolzan and W. Turkenburg, 2008. �e sustainability of Brazilian ethanol-An assessment of the possibilities of certi�ed production. Biomass and Bioenergy 32: 781-813. Sparovek, G. and E. Schnug, 2001. Temporal Erosion-Induced Soil Degradation and Yield Loss. Soil Sci Soc Am J, 65: 1479-1486. Tercil, E.T., A.M.d.P. Peres, M.T.M. Peres, S.N.R. Guedes, P.F.A. Shikida and A.M.C.J. Corrêa, 2007. Os Mercados de Terra e trabalho na (re)estruturação da categoria social dos fornecedores de cana do Estado de São Paulo: análise de dados de campo. REDES, Santa Cruz do Sul 12: 142-167. Tominaga, T.T., F.A.M. Cássaro, O.O.S. Bacchi, K. Reichardt, J.C.M. Oliveira and L.C. Timm, 2002. Variability of soil water content and bulk density in a sugarcane �eld. Australian Journal of Soil Research 40: 605-614. Tubiello, F.N. and G. Fischer, 2006. Reducing climate change impacts on agriculture: Global and regional e�ects of mitigation, 2000–2080. Technological Forecasting & Social Change 74: 1030-1056. 62 Sugarcane ethanol
Chapter 3 Prospects of the sugarcane expansion in Brazil: impacts on direct and indirect land use changes André Meloni Nassar, Bernardo F.T. Rudor�, Laura Barcellos Antoniazzi, Daniel Alves de Aguiar, Miriam Rumenos Piedade Bacchi and Marcos Adami 1. Introduction Sugarcane has been an important crop since the initial colonization period of Brazil and is nowadays expanding considerably its cultivated area, particularly due to strong ethanol demand. Ethanol demand has been increasing in the internal market since 2003 - due to the expansion of the �ex-fuel car �eet - and is also facing good perspectives in the international market. From 2000 to 2007 the cultivated sugarcane area increased by about 3 million ha, reaching about 7.9 million ha based on information from IBGE (2008a). �e South-Central region was responsible for 95.7% of this total growth. Sustainability of agricultural based biofuels has turned into a central question once the use of biofuels with the aim to reduce greenhouses gases’ (GHG) emissions increases. �e full life cycle analysis of the production process of every feedstock, based on carbon equivalent emissions, is the essential measure for assessing the sustainability of biofuels. �e agricultural component of the biofuel production is, therefore, a key variable for determining the avoided carbon emissions. Agricultural products are, by its nature, large land users. Crops - annual and permanent - and cattle - for dairy and beef - occupy about 77 and 172 million ha, respectively, in Brazil (IBGE, 2008b). Land use changes due to the competition between crops and cattle may raise concerns in terms of GHG emissions and it becomes even more important when land with natural vegetation (mainly forests and Cerrado) is converted into cattle raising or agricultural production. �ere is no recognized and unquestionable methodology to measure the amount of deforestation caused by agricultural expansion. However, the amount of land allocated to pastures and crops in the frontier are indicators that both processes are correlated. Given that sustainability of Brazilian ethanol is intrinsically associated to the sugarcane expansion’s e�ects on land use changes, this paper aims to analyze past and expected sugarcane expansion in Brazil and to understand the land use change process. Competition between food and biofuel increases the importance of this issue and has been adding also social and economic concerns about land use change caused by biofuels’ expansion. Di�erent opinions from many international organizations, national governments, NGOs and researchers are putting this debate in the centre of media and public opinion worldwide. Sugarcane ethanol 63
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Sugarcane ethanol Contributions to
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Table of contents Foreword 11 José
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Chapter 8 �e global impacts of US
Page 8 and 9: Foreword �e use of biofuels as a
Page 11 and 12: Executive summary Do biofuels help
Page 13 and 14: Executive summary 12. Projections o
Page 15 and 16: Chapter 1 Introduction to sugarcane
Page 17 and 18: Introduction to sugarcane ethanol A
Page 19 and 20: Introduction to sugarcane ethanol C
Page 21 and 22: Introduction to sugarcane ethanol F
Page 23: Introduction to sugarcane ethanol H
Page 26 and 27: Chapter 2 Production (million tons)
Page 28 and 29: Chapter 2 Table 2. Sugarcane produc
Page 30 and 31: Chapter 2 Harvested area (million h
Page 32 and 33: Chapter 2 million hectares 8 7 6 5
Page 34 and 35: Chapter 2 Table 5. Global significa
Page 36 and 37: Chapter 2 (FAOSTAT, 2008). �e lan
Page 38 and 39: Chapter 2 indicating that sugarcane
Page 40 and 41: Chapter 2 and vinasse produced duri
Page 42 and 43: Chapter 2 • • • • Harvested
Page 44 and 45: Chapter 2 2.2. AEZ assessment of la
Page 46 and 47: Chapter 2 The quantified descriptio
Page 48 and 49: Chapter 2 Table 8 summarizes by reg
Page 50 and 51: Chapter 2 Table 9. Suitability of u
Page 52 and 53: Chapter 2 Table 10. Suitability of
Page 54 and 55: Chapter 2 of bio-diversity and land
Page 56 and 57: Chapter 2 FAO, 1987. 1948-1985 Worl
Page 60 and 61: Chapter 3 Considering that this deb
Page 62 and 63: Chapter 3 1,000 ha 9,000 8,000 7,00
Page 64 and 65: Chapter 3 Another source of data on
Page 66 and 67: Chapter 3 Figure 3. Different land
Page 68 and 69: Chapter 3 1-Pastureand crops expans
Page 70 and 71: Chapter 3 Given that the model is u
Page 72 and 73: Chapter 3 to the case studies; (d)
Page 74 and 75: Chapter 3 Mato Grosso do Sul in 200
Page 76 and 77: Chapter 3 the Pasture class increas
Page 78 and 79: Chapter 3 Table 5. Number of sugarc
Page 80 and 81: Chapter 3 of 12.6% from 2001 to 200
Page 82 and 83: Chapter 3 Table 6. South-Centre: ex
Page 84 and 85: Chapter 3 4.5. Options for approach
Page 86 and 87: Chapter 3 states that have lost pas
Page 88 and 89: Chapter 3 It is important to contex
Page 91 and 92: Chapter 4 Mitigation of GHG emissio
Page 93 and 94: Table 1. Basic data: sugarcane prod
Page 95 and 96: Mitigation of GHG emissions using s
Page 97 and 98: GHG emission (kg CO 2 eq/m 3 etOH)
Page 101 and 102: Table 7. Soil carbon content for di
Page 105 and 106: 5. Conclusions Mitigation of GHG em
Page 107: Mitigation of GHG emissions using s
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Chapter 5 Oil reserves - Gasoline/d
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Chapter 5 in research and developme
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Chapter 5 Table 3. Summary of main
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Chapter 5 3. Environmental indicato
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Chapter 5 Table 4. Carbon stock in
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Chapter 5 3.2. Water Total carbon i
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Chapter 5 3.3. Soil and fertilizers
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Chapter 5 3.4. Management of diseas
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Chapter 5 Table 10. Sugarcane and v
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Chapter 5 in the implementation of
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Chapter 5 Table 11. Continued. Crit
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Chapter 5 Brazilian Government. Lei
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Chapter 5 São Paulo State Governme
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Chapter 6 2. Development of the eth
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Chapter 6 blends by car manufacture
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Chapter 6 Brazil have been roughly
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Chapter 6 Overall there are few di
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Chapter 6 3.2.1. The impact of exis
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Chapter 6 �e use of ethanol in he
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Chapter 6 cropping systems that pro
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Chapter 6 certainty, the supply of
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Chapter 6 De Vries, B.J.M., D.P. va
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Chapter 7 Biofuel conversion techno
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Biofuel conversion technologies �
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Biofuel conversion technologies In
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Biofuel conversion technologies the
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Biofuel conversion technologies Imp
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Biofuel conversion technologies Pro
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Investment costs (Euro/kWth input c
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4.2. Greenhouse gas balances Biofue
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Reduction in CO equivalent emission
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Biofuel conversion technologies �
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Biofuel conversion technologies pot
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Chapter 8 The global impacts of US
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The global impacts of US and EU bio
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Table 1. Change in output due to EU
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Forest cover Pasture cover USEU 201
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Chapter 9 also risks and serious tr
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Chapter 9 Box 2. Bioethanol stoves
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Chapter 9 �e highest impact on po
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Chapter 9 the increased generation
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Chapter 9 o�ers to support the MD
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Chapter 9 Price variation (%) 14 12
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Chapter 9 Dufey et al., 2007a). Leg
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Chapter 9 manufactured directly fro
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Chapter 9 in mechanical aid for the
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Chapter 9 Table 1. Import tariffs o
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Chapter 9 3.8. Improving efficiency
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Chapter 9 some minimum transport in
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Chapter 9 IEA, 2004. Biofuels for T
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Chapter 10 Why are current food pri
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Why are current food prices so high
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2.4 Long-term drivers of supply Why
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3.1. Effects on the supply side Why
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3.3 Policy responses to rising food
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3.4. Other effects • Why are curr
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- - - - Why are current food prices
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18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 5. The fut
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• • • Why are current food pr
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6.1. Policy implications Why are cu
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Why are current food prices so high
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Authors Dr. Marcos Adami, senior re
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Keyword index A Africa 204, 205, 20
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M maize 20, 83, 104, 173, 184, 187,
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