Sugarcane ethanol: Contributions to climate change - BAFF

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Chapter 1 use of water, soil, farm inputs such as fertilizer and the energy and carbon balance. �e chapter ends with the discussion on certi�cation and compliance Chapter 6 starts with the assessment of studies on the market potential of ethanol. �e demand predictions will be considered, taking into consideration technological development and innovation. �e study provides an overview of the main issues and challenges related to the current and potential use of ethanol in the transport sector. In Chapter 7 the technology developments for bioenergy will be analyzed. It gives a state of the art overview of technologies for bioenergy production from biomass. Next the chapter highlights some challenges in developing technologies from biomass. Further it sheds light on some scenarios for technologies to be developed in the 10-15 years to come. As described earlier, public policies play a major role in the biofuel industry. What are the policies, what measures are implemented and what are the impacts? �is Chapter 8 will deal speci�cally with the policies originating from the United States of America and the European Union. �e chapter starts with an overview of policies and policy instruments of both. Next, these policies will be evaluated from an economic point of view. Based on this analysis, the impacts on the global biofuel industry will be considered. �ere is much debate on the impacts of biofuels on developing countries. Just positive, only negative? In Chapter 9 the impact will be discussed within the framework of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG). �e chapter will deal with the question: How can global biofuels industry support sustainable development and poverty reduction? �e book ends with the probably most heated debate: the impacts of bio fuels production on food prices. Chapter 10 covers the following questions: what is the state of the art: what are the relations between production of food and food prices and bio-fuels? �en the main drivers for the hike in food prices are discussed. Based on quantitative model studies some core �ndings will be presented. Finally, the chapter ends with the impacts of bioethanol on food production and prices. References AgraFNP, 2008. June 24. Ethanol consumption and exports continue to increase. Banse, M., P. Nowicki and H. van Meijl, 2008. Why are current world food prices so high? A memo. LEI Wageningen UR, �e Hague, the Netherlands. Barriga, A., 2003. Energy System II. University of Calgary/OLADE, Quito. Dufey, A., S. Vermeulen and B. Vorley, 2007. Biofuels: Strategic Choices for Commodity Dependent Developing Countries. Common Fund for Commodities Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Faaij, A., 2006. Modern Biomass Conversion Technologies. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 11: 335-367. 26 Sugarcane ethanol
Introduction to sugarcane ethanol Hertel, T., W. W.E. Tyner and D.K. Birur, 2008. Biofuels for all? Understanding the Global Impacts of Multinational. Center for Global Trade Analysis Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University GTAP Working Paper No. 51, 2008. IEA, 2007. Bioenergy Potential contribution of bioenergy to the world’s future energy demand, International Energy Agency, Paris. IEA, 2008. Worldwide Trends in Energy Use and E�ciency Key Insights from IEA Indicator Analysis, Paris, France. Khanna, M., H. Onal, B. Dhungana and M. Wander, 2007. Economics of Soil Carbon Sequestration �rough Biomass Crops. Association of Environmental and Resource Economists; Workshop Valuation and Incentives for Ecosystem Services, June 7-9, 2007. Kim, S. and B.E. Dale, 2005. Life cycle assessment of various cropping systems utilized for producing biofuels: Bioethanol and biodiesel. Biomass and Bioenergy 29: 426-439. Kojima, M. and T. Johnson, 2005. Potential for biofuels for transport in developing countries. ESMAP, World Bank Copyright �e International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/�e World Bank, Washington D.C., USA. Latner, K., O. Wagner and J. Junyang, 2007. China, Peoples Republic of Bio-Fuels Annual 2007. GAIN Report Number: CH7039. USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, January 2007. Macedo, I.C., M.R.L.V. Leal and J.E.A.R. da Silva, 2004. Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Production and Use of Fuel Ethanol in Brazil. Report to the Government of the State of São Paulo, 2004. Maros, I. and W. Martin, 2008. Implications of Higher Global Food Prices for Poverty in Low-Income Countries. �e World Bank Development Research Group Trade Team April, Washington, USA. OECD, 2008. Economic assessment of biofuel support policies. Paris, France. OECD/IEA, 2008. Worldwide Trends in Energy Use and E�ciency Key Insights from IEA Indicator Analysis. Paris, France. OESO, 2008. Economic assessment of biofuel support policies. Paris, France. Oxfam, 2008. Inconvenient Truth How biofuel policies are deepening poverty and accelerating climate change Oxfam Brie�ng Paper, June 2008. Schuman, G.E., H.H. Janzen and J.E. Herrick, 2002. Soil carbon dynamics and potential carbon sequestration by rangelands. Environmental Pollution 116: 391-396. Teixeira Coelho, S., 2005. Biofuels- advantages and trade barriers. UNCTAD/DITC/TED/2005/1. �e Royal Society, 2008. Sustainable biofuels: prospects and challenges. London, United Kingdom. ISBN 9780854036622. Von Braun, J., 2006. When Food Makes Fuel: �e Promises and Challenges of Biofuels. Ifpri. Washington, USA. Sugarcane ethanol 27
Page 1 and 2: Sugarcane ethanol Contributions to
Page 3 and 4: Table of contents Foreword 11 José
Page 5: Chapter 8 �e global impacts of US
Page 8 and 9: Foreword �e use of biofuels as a
Page 11 and 12: Executive summary Do biofuels help
Page 13 and 14: Executive summary 12. Projections o
Page 15 and 16: Chapter 1 Introduction to sugarcane
Page 17 and 18: Introduction to sugarcane ethanol A
Page 19 and 20: Introduction to sugarcane ethanol C
Page 21: Introduction to sugarcane ethanol F
Page 26 and 27: Chapter 2 Production (million tons)
Page 28 and 29: Chapter 2 Table 2. Sugarcane produc
Page 30 and 31: Chapter 2 Harvested area (million h
Page 32 and 33: Chapter 2 million hectares 8 7 6 5
Page 34 and 35: Chapter 2 Table 5. Global significa
Page 36 and 37: Chapter 2 (FAOSTAT, 2008). �e lan
Page 38 and 39: Chapter 2 indicating that sugarcane
Page 40 and 41: Chapter 2 and vinasse produced duri
Page 42 and 43: Chapter 2 • • • • Harvested
Page 44 and 45: Chapter 2 2.2. AEZ assessment of la
Page 46 and 47: Chapter 2 The quantified descriptio
Page 48 and 49: Chapter 2 Table 8 summarizes by reg
Page 50 and 51: Chapter 2 Table 9. Suitability of u
Page 52 and 53: Chapter 2 Table 10. Suitability of
Page 54 and 55: Chapter 2 of bio-diversity and land
Page 56 and 57: Chapter 2 FAO, 1987. 1948-1985 Worl
Page 58 and 59: Chapter 2 Smeets, E., M. Junginger,
Page 60 and 61: Chapter 3 Considering that this deb
Page 62 and 63: Chapter 3 1,000 ha 9,000 8,000 7,00
Page 64 and 65: Chapter 3 Another source of data on
Page 66 and 67: Chapter 3 Figure 3. Different land
Page 68 and 69: Chapter 3 1-Pastureand crops expans
Page 70 and 71: Chapter 3 Given that the model is u
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Chapter 3 to the case studies; (d)
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Chapter 3 Mato Grosso do Sul in 200
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Chapter 3 the Pasture class increas
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Chapter 3 Table 5. Number of sugarc
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Chapter 3 of 12.6% from 2001 to 200
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Chapter 3 Table 6. South-Centre: ex
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Chapter 3 4.5. Options for approach
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Chapter 3 states that have lost pas
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Chapter 3 It is important to contex
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Chapter 4 Mitigation of GHG emissio
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Table 1. Basic data: sugarcane prod
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Mitigation of GHG emissions using s
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GHG emission (kg CO 2 eq/m 3 etOH)
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Table 7. Soil carbon content for di
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5. Conclusions Mitigation of GHG em
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Chapter 5 Oil reserves - Gasoline/d
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Chapter 5 in research and developme
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Chapter 5 Table 3. Summary of main
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Chapter 5 3. Environmental indicato
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Chapter 5 Table 4. Carbon stock in
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Chapter 5 3.2. Water Total carbon i
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Chapter 5 3.3. Soil and fertilizers
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Chapter 5 3.4. Management of diseas
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Chapter 5 Table 10. Sugarcane and v
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Chapter 5 in the implementation of
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Chapter 5 Table 11. Continued. Crit
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Chapter 5 Brazilian Government. Lei
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Chapter 5 São Paulo State Governme
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Chapter 6 2. Development of the eth
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Chapter 6 blends by car manufacture
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Chapter 6 Brazil have been roughly
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Chapter 6 Overall there are few di
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Chapter 6 3.2.1. The impact of exis
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Chapter 6 �e use of ethanol in he
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Chapter 6 cropping systems that pro
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Chapter 6 certainty, the supply of
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Chapter 6 De Vries, B.J.M., D.P. va
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Chapter 7 Biofuel conversion techno
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Biofuel conversion technologies �
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Biofuel conversion technologies In
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Biofuel conversion technologies the
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Biofuel conversion technologies Imp
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Biofuel conversion technologies Pro
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Investment costs (Euro/kWth input c
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4.2. Greenhouse gas balances Biofue
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Reduction in CO equivalent emission
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Biofuel conversion technologies �
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Biofuel conversion technologies pot
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Chapter 8 The global impacts of US
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The global impacts of US and EU bio
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Table 1. Change in output due to EU
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Forest cover Pasture cover USEU 201
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Chapter 9 also risks and serious tr
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Chapter 9 Box 2. Bioethanol stoves
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Chapter 9 �e highest impact on po
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Chapter 9 the increased generation
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Chapter 9 o�ers to support the MD
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Chapter 9 Price variation (%) 14 12
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Chapter 9 Dufey et al., 2007a). Leg
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Chapter 9 manufactured directly fro
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Chapter 9 in mechanical aid for the
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Chapter 9 Table 1. Import tariffs o
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Chapter 9 3.8. Improving efficiency
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Chapter 9 some minimum transport in
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Chapter 9 IEA, 2004. Biofuels for T
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Chapter 10 Why are current food pri
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Why are current food prices so high
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2.4 Long-term drivers of supply Why
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3.1. Effects on the supply side Why
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3.3 Policy responses to rising food
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3.4. Other effects • Why are curr
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- - - - Why are current food prices
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18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 5. The fut
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• • • Why are current food pr
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6.1. Policy implications Why are cu
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Why are current food prices so high
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Authors Dr. Marcos Adami, senior re
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Keyword index A Africa 204, 205, 20
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M maize 20, 83, 104, 173, 184, 187,
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