ComputerAided_Design_Engineering_amp_Manufactur.pdf

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The development of an IPD system is largely influenced by the product development models adopted for a specific application domain and the framework of the design process involving the synergic use of symbolic and numerical analysis techniques. From the three application domains considered in this chapter, it is evident that the practical utility of applying ICAD techniques for design automation is influenced by the knowledge encoded within the different knowledge bases, the decision making mechanisms, and the behavior of the integrated symbolic-numeric tools. Factors which influence the inadequacy of the models and the proposed framework are largely caused by limited domain knowledge of the design artifact in the various knowledge bases. Among subjective factors are mistakes and inaccuracies that are possible during the planning and construction of the knowledge bases. Our strong belief is that knowledge-based computational systems will revolutionize the entire task of product design. For the future, research should be primarily focused on developing generic intelligent interfaces for a completely automated product design system. The capabilities of the IPD system should be enhanced to foster development of collaborative product design systems using the information infrastructure of the Internet and World Wide Web. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Concentra Inc. for providing the Concept Modeller software package for this research project on the development of an integrated product design system. The authors would also like to acknowledge the help provided by Prof. C. K. Mohan, Dr. Prakash Sarathy, Mr. Chris Ludden, Mr. Patrick Graham, and Mr. Anand Chavan during the different aspects of this research work. Note: Concept Modeller, I-DEAS, ANSYS, CLIPS and IMSL are registered trademarks of Concentra Inc., Structural Dynamics Research Corporation, ANSYS Inc., NASA, and IMSL Inc., respectively. Abbreviations UMM—Universal milling machine; HDPMC—Heavy duty plain milling cutter; ARCEARH— [A—Axial rake angle, R—Radial rake angle, C—Corner angle, E—End cutting angle, A—Axial relief angle, H—Helix angle]; RDUMM—Radial drilling and universal milling machine; PTSD—Parallel taper shank drills; SSEM—Straight shank end mills; PLCH—[P—Point angle, L—Lip clearance angle, C—Chisel point angle, H—Helix angle]; PRP—[P—Primary land width, R—Radial primary relief angle, P—Primary clearance angle]; EO—Emulsifying Oil; VGM—Vertical grinding machine; CBN—Cubic boron nitride; S2—[Carbon � 0.95%, Chromium � 3.5%, Molybdenum � 8.2%; Tungsten � 1.5%, Vanadium � 1.7%]; Cps1—[15�, 15�, 30�, 10�, 7�, 25�]; Cps2—[118�, 15�, 135�, 32�] (Drilling), [13 mm, 0.4�, 28�] (Milling); Cps3—[118�, 15�, 135�, 32�]; CyGW—Cylindrical grinding wheel; Std. Tol.—��0.1 mm; All dimensions are in mm unless otherwise specified. References 1. U. Roy and B. Bharadwaj. The role of product specifications in concurrent engineering based product design systems. In Proc. of 5th Industrial Engineering Research Conference, Minneapolis, MN, May 1996. 2. J. J. Cunningham and J. R. Dixon. Designing with features: the origin of features. In Proc. of 1988 ASME Conference on Computers in Engineering, 237–243, 1988. 3. F. Kimura, T. Kjellberg, F. Frause, and M. Wozny. Concurrent engineering research in review. Technical Report CERC-TR-RN-92-012, CERC, West Virginia University, 1992. 4. F. Kimura, T. Kjellberg, F. Frause, and M. Wozny. Concurrent engineering research in review. Technical Report CERC-TR-RN-92–013, CERC, West Virginia University, 1992. 5. M. S. Shephard and M. A. Yerry. Towards automated finite element modeling for the unification of engineering design and analysis. Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, vol. 2, 143–160, 1986. 6. M. S. Shephard and P. M. Finnigan. Integration of geometric modeling and advanced finite element preprocessing. Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, vol. 4, 147–161, 1988. © 2001 by CRC Press LLC
7. Z. Young and I. R. Groose. A rule-based computational system for automatic finite element modeling. Computers in Engineering, vol.14, 87–94, 1990. 8. J. E. Sneckenberger and S-H. Chung. An innovative design scheme for product development using AI-type engineering. In Proc. of International Conference on CAD/CAM, Robotics and Factories of the Future, 190–200, 1993. 9. P. H. Winston. Artificial Intelligence. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1993. 10. R. Engelmore and T. Morgan. Blackboard Systems. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1988. 11. U. Roy, B. Bharadwaj, and C. Ludden. Unification of CAD and FEM using knowledge engineering. Concurrent Engineering: Research and Application, 2:7–15, 1994. 12. U. Roy. Establishment of an intelligent interface between symbolic and numeric analysis tools for an intelligent computer-aided design system. In IEEE International Workshop on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, Melbourne, Australia, 317–322, 1992. 13. Swanson Analysis Systems, Inc., Houston, PA. ANSYS Engineering Analysis System User’s Manuals, 1993. 14. T-C. Chang and R. A. Wysk. An Introduction to Automated Process Planning Systems. International Series in Industrial and Systems Engineering. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1985. 15. U. Roy, B. Bharadwaj, A. Chavan, and C. K. Mohan. Development of a feature based expert manufacturing process planner. In Proc. of the 7th IEEE International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence. IEEE, 1995. 16. B. Bharadwaj. A Framework for Tolerance Synthesis of Mechanical Components. Master’s thesis, Syracuse University, NY, 1995. 17. U. Roy. Computer-Aided Representation and Analysis of Geometric Tolerances. Ph.D. thesis, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 1989. 18. SDRC Inc. CAEDS User’s Guide, OH, 1993 19. U. Roy and B. Bharadwaj. An enhanced framework for tolerance synthesis - Part B. International Journal of Production Research, 1997. 20. D. Janakiram, L. V. Prasad, and U. R. K. Rao. Tolerancing of parts using an expert system. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 4:157–167, 1989. 21. P. H. Gu and H. A. El Maraghy. Expert tolerancing consultant for geometric modelling. In Symposium on Product and Process Design, G. Chryssolouris, Ed., Manufacturing International 1988. ASME, 1988. 22. U. Roy and B. Bharadwaj. Design with part behaviors: behavior model, representation and applications. Submitted for publication, 1997. 23. K. Lingaiah. Machine Design Data Handbook. McGraw-Hill, NY, 1994. 24. I. S. Tarasevich and E. I. Iavoish. Fits, Tolerances and Engineering Measurement. Foreign Languages Pub. House, Moscow, 1963. 25. Society of Manufacturing Engineers, Dearborn, MI. Tool and Manufacturing Engineers Handbook, 4th edition, 1983. 26. Concentra Inc., Cambridge, MA. Concept Modeller 1.3 Release Guide, 1990. 27. U. Roy and B. Bharadwaj. Tolerance synthesis in a product design system. In Proc. of the XXIV NAMRC/SME Conference, MI. SME, May 1996. © 2001 by CRC Press LLC
Page 1 and 2: COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN, ENGINEERING,
Page 3 and 4: Library of Congress Cataloging-in-P
Page 5 and 6: Editor Cornelius T. Leondes, B.S.,
Page 7 and 8: Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapt
Page 9 and 10: the implementation of the IPD syste
Page 11 and 12: In our IPD system implementations,
Page 13 and 14: 2. Specification of analysis-specif
Page 15 and 16: FIGURE 1.2 base or the design insta
Page 17 and 18: FIGURE 1.4 System architecture of t
Page 19 and 20: of a beam is considered for FEA. Th
Page 21 and 22: FIGURE 1.7 through the control expe
Page 23 and 24: 2. machining facility (e.g., gang m
Page 25 and 26: from the FBDS. The user also specif
Page 27 and 28: Depending on the type of feature to
Page 29 and 30: TABLE 1.6 Tolerance synthesis is de
Page 31 and 32: FIGURE 1.12 Display of the NC tool
Page 33 and 34: component geometric entities and va
Page 35 and 36: FIGURE 1.14 The system architecture
Page 37 and 38: TABLE 1.10 User Input for the Toler
Page 39: TABLE 1.11 Tolerance Specifications
Page 43 and 44: FIGURE 2.1 Tool paths generated for
Page 45 and 46: FIGURE 2.2 sented by instances of f
Page 47 and 48: TABLE 2.1 A CAD-Generated Hole Conf
Page 49 and 50: FIGURE 2.6 mounted on the rotary ta
Page 51 and 52: FIGURE 2.8 fixture for the machinin
Page 53 and 54: FIGURE 2.10 or best-fit, or the cur
Page 55 and 56: FIGURE 2.11 Linear approximation of
Page 57 and 58: FIGURE 2.13 Circular approximation
Page 59 and 60: FIGURE 2.14(b) Circular approximati
Page 61 and 62: FIGURE 2.16 Types of biarcs. FIGURE
Page 63 and 64: FIGURE 2.18 Approximation of scanne
Page 65 and 66: FIGURE 2.20 A touch trigger probe c
Page 67 and 68: TABLE 2.4 Substitute Elements in CM
Page 69 and 70: FIGURE 2.21 CMM planning requiremen
Page 71 and 72: Product Model Representation for Co
Page 73 and 74: © 2001 by CRC Press LLC TABLE 2.5
Page 75 and 76: TABLE 2.7 Partial Listing of Dimens
Page 77 and 78: 24. Makinouchi, S., Okamoto, M., an
Page 79 and 80: Bijan Shirinzadeh Monash University
Page 81 and 82: FIGURE 3.1 Trends in flexible manuf
Page 83 and 84: FIGURE 3.3 and constrain different
Page 85 and 86: Other Fixturing Techniques There ar
Page 87 and 88: FIGURE 3.6 contact point. The geome
Page 89 and 90: FIGURE 3.8 The vertical support fix
Page 91 and 92:
and moments about the contact point
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een identified, the normals are use
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one of choosing the variables: such
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Fixture Module Location An importan
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FIGURE 3.15 Illustration of functio
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FIGURE 3.18 Minimum separation test
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direction) the face, respectively.
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FIGURE 3.21 Software structure for
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3.8 Conclusion A reconfigurable fix
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Heui Jae Pahk Seoul National Univer
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FIGURE 4.1(b) Conceptual framework
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4.3 Measurement Points Sampling and
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Surface S2 Measurement Path FIGURE
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FIGURE 4.4 Rough phase alignment ba
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deviation between the nominal CAD d
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FIGURE 4.6(a) Sum of squares distan
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FIGURE 4.7(c) Trailing edge. (c) th
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FIGURE 4.8(a) Profile tolerance of
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The calculated minimum form error i
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FIGURE 4.11(a) A typical mold havin
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FIGURE 4.11(d) Inspection results f
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FIGURE 4.12(c) Maximum deviation (p
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5.1 Introduction Developments in th
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process plan for a part (Figure 5.3
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FIGURE 5.5 leading to the developme
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the previously stored process plan
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FIGURE 5.7 Techniques of defining a
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Feature Recognition and Extraction
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in relation to another feature (e.g
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FIGURE 5.9 Framework for building a
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FIGURE 5.10 Process plan content.
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FIGURE 5.12 Schematic sketch of the
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Several techniques of defining a fe
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TABLE 5.1 Data Structure for Repres
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FIGURE 5.16 Classification of the t
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system to ensure that the part bein
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FIGURE 5.19 Graphical model of the
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TABLE 5.4 Data Structure for Repres
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FIGURE 5.20 Mapping between machini
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algorithms. (Some details of the pr
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FIGURE 5.24 An example rotational p
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FIGURE 5.26 Down_face-turn-up_face
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FIGURE 5.27 Procedure for machine t
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FIGURE 5.28 Determining the number
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DL is needed to be set only if the
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FIGURE 5.31 Operation sequencing co
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Cutting Tool Selection Selection of
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1. A tool is searched for in the da
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FIGURE 5.32 Inputs to optimization
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When these values are substituted,
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Usually, maximum and minimum speed
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FIGURE 5.33 Solution methodology.
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TABLE 5.6 Process Plan Internal Rep
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In a strict theoretical perspective
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18. Domazet, D. S. and Lu, S. C. Y,
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63. Prasad, A. V. S. R. K., Rao, P.
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CAD systems. The sample consists of
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learn to master the new system. An
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Although researchers appear to agre
Page 209 and 210:
Link and Zmud28 found that organic
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Informal Training Informal CAD trai
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informal training programs, felt th
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6. C. A. Beatty, Tall Tales and Rea
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A.Y.C. Nee National University of S
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FIGURE 7.1 Planning, design, and ma
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A metal stamping can have the follo
Page 223 and 224:
FIGURE 7.3 Strips used to notch out
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A Skeletal Approach for the Recogni
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These findings can be used to devel
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Semi-Direct Piloting In cases where
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a larger value, the die operations
Page 233 and 234:
FIGURE 7.9 Symbolic relationship be
Page 235 and 236:
FIGURE 7.11 The shape of the envelo
Page 237 and 238:
TABLE 7.1 Schema for the Generation
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strong reasons to support a move to
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FIGURE 7.16 3-D CAD model of a part
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References Cheok, B.T. et al. (1994
Page 245 and 246:
include the once forbidden generati
Page 247 and 248:
A temporal matrix (T-Matrix) is pro
Page 249 and 250:
FIGURE 8.1 A basic process. (From R
Page 251 and 252:
FIGURE 8.4(a) Generate a new IG usi
Page 253 and 254:
Note if the pair of nodes are both
Page 255 and 256:
TABLE 8.1 Summary of the Rules Cond
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The correctness of these rules is e
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needs to show that after each full
Page 261 and 262:
ule is violated, a warning should b
Page 263 and 264:
Π1 Π3 Π4 FIGURE 8.8(a) After add
Page 265 and 266:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Page 267 and 268:
A ik � ‘U’ and is in a cycle
Page 269 and 270:
FIGURE 8.12(a) Add [p2 t7 p7 t8 p4]
Page 271 and 272:
FIGURE 8.12(c) Add a token to p8 vi
Page 273 and 274:
FIGURE 8.12(e) Add [p8 t9 p14 t10 p
Page 275 and 276:
FIGURE 8.13 An example of rule TT.0
Page 277 and 278:
FIGURE 8.14 A GPN model of a machin
Page 279 and 280:
FIGURE 8.15(b) The first exclusive
Page 281 and 282:
FIGURE 8.15(d) The last exclusive T
Page 283 and 284:
FIGURE 8.15(f) After entering the a
Page 285 and 286:
FIGURE 8.15(h) Completion of Compon
Page 287 and 288:
FIGURE 8.15(j) Two PP-generations:
Page 289 and 290:
FIGURE 8.15(l) The last exclusive T
Page 291 and 292:
t1 t5 p1 p5 t6 (a) t2 t3 t4 2 2 p2
Page 293 and 294:
FIGURE 8.17 An example of partial f
Page 295 and 296:
Theorem 10: If pi → pk in a synth
Page 297 and 298:
Note that control transitions are o
Page 299 and 300:
t j than the lower at , it indicate
Page 301 and 302:
• Programming logic and VLSI arra
Page 303 and 304:
7. Chao, D. Y. and D. T. Wang, Appl
Page 305 and 306:
53. Villaroel, J. L., J. Martinez,
Page 307 and 308:
q u : the numerator of the least ra
Page 309 and 310:
geometric modeling, engineering ana
Page 311 and 312:
In dimension driven or parametric d
Page 313 and 314:
FIGURE 9.3 configuration of bodies
Page 315 and 316:
FIGURE 9.6 FIGURE 9.7 Geometric Int
Page 317 and 318:
FIGURE 9.8 Intersection of degrees
Page 319 and 320:
will introduce a way to propagate p
Page 321 and 322:
Completeness of Dimensions Complete
Page 323 and 324:
FIGURE 9.12 3-D constraints. © 200
Page 325 and 326:
The distance constraint from pt �
Page 327 and 328:
therefore: Now merge the lists and
Page 329 and 330:
Quantity analysis methods have the
Page 331 and 332:
y a revolute joint. By selecting al
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