ComputerAided_Design_Engineering_amp_Manufactur.pdf

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TABLE 2.2 Data Structure for Each Tolerance Specification S/No Identifier Description © 2001 by CRC Press LLC 1 Tol_ID Identifier for tolerance specification 2 Tol_Type Tolerance type (size, form, profile, location, runout, orientation) 3 Tol_zone_val Tolerance zone value 4 Tol_zone_type Tolerance zone type 5 Matl_Cond Material condition 6 Tol_Ref Size tolerance reference for material condition specified 7 Basic_Element Basic element reference for tolerance 8 Basic_Dim Basic dimensions 9 U_tol Upper tolerance 10 L_tol Lower tolerance 11 Primary_Datum Primary datum reference 12 Primary_Matl_cond Primary datum reference material condition 13 Pri_Dat_MC_Tol_Ref Primary datum material condition/size tolerance reference 14 Secondary_Datum Secondary datum reference 15 Secondary_Datum_Matl Secondary datum material condition 16 Sec_Dat_MC_Tol_Ref Secondary datum material condition/size tolerance reference 17 Tertiary_Datum Tertiary datum material condition 18 Tertiary_Datum_Matl Tertiary datum material condition 19 Ter_Dat_MC_Tol_Ref Tertiary datum material condition/size tolerance reference TABLE 2.3 Tolerance Information Characteristics 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Tolerance Size Linear Y 11 N N N N Y Y Y Y N N N N N N N N N Diameter Y 12 N N N N Y Y Y Y N N N N N N N N N Angle Y 13 N N N N Y Y Y Y N N N N N N N N N Location Position Y 51 Y Y Y Y Y Y N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Concentricity Y 52 Y Y N N Y N N N Y N N N N N N N N Composite Y 53 Y Y Y Y Y Y N Form N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Circularity Y 21 Y Y ∗ 1 N Y N N N N N N N N N N N N Cylindricity Y 22 Y Y ∗ 1 N Y N N N N N N N N N N N N Flatness Y 23 Y Y ∗ 1 N Y N N N N N N N N N N N N Straightness Y 24 Y Y Y Y Y N N Profile N N N N N N N N N N Curve Y 31 Y ∗ 2 N N Y Y Y Y Y N N Y N N Y N N Surface Y 32 Y ∗ 2 N N Y Y Y Y Y N N Y N N Y N N Runout Circular Y 41 Y Y ∗ 1 N Y ∗ 3 N N Y N N Y N N Y N N Total Y 42 Y Y ∗ 1 N Y ∗ 3 N N Y N N Y N N Y N N Orientation Parallelism Y 61 Y ∗ 4 S ∗ 5 Y N N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Perpendicularity Y 62 Y ∗ 4 S ∗ 5 Y N N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Angularity Y 63 Y ∗ 4 S ∗ 5 Y Y N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y ∗ 1 Modifier: Perfect form not required at MMC. (It is always assumed that perfect form exists at MMC for form tolerance specification.) ∗ 2 Indicate that the tolerance zone is all around the profile or surface. ∗ 3 Conditional. ∗ 4 Always rectangular zone. ∗ 5 Yes, if feature of size is referenced.
TABLE 2.4 Substitute Elements in CMM Software Evaluation Substitute Element Line x, y and z coordinates of a point on the line Plane x, y and z coordinates of a point on the plane Circle x, y and z Center of the circle Sphere x, y and z center of the sphere Cylinder x, y and z coordinates of a point on the axis of the substitute cylinder Cone x, y and z coordinates of a point on the axis of the substitute cone Torus x, y and z coordinates of a point at the centre of the substitute torus For application in evaluating GD&T specifications for a part, sampled points from the CMM are used to compute the substitute geometric elements by the CMM software. A representative set of substitute geometric elements for CMM metrology is shown in Table 2.4. The locations, orientations, sizes, and angles of the part features required to be checked are calculated from the relevant parameters of the substitute elements and compared with the GD&T specifications in the design representation. The method for computation of substitute elements will have significant impact on the final evaluation results. The default computation approach is the Gaussian least square method which minimizes the sum of the squares of the perpendicular distances of the points in the measured data set to the substitute element. The Chebyshev approach, which minimizes the maximum perpendicular distance from the points in the measured data to the element, is also being used. For circular elements like the circle, cone, sphere, cylinder, and torus, the minimum circumscribed approach or the maximum inscribed approach may also be used. Regardless of the computation approach, invariably the goodness of the substitute element is highly dependent on the sample size of the measured data. Generally with larger sample size, the goodness of the substitute element is increased, but at the expense of a longer measurement cycle time. Determination of the ideal sample size is a rather complicated process as it depends on many factors such as manufacturing process capability, tolerance specifications, measurement confidence level, etc. Attempts have been made to address this issue using a statistical approach 42 and feature-based approach using artificial neural networks. 43 The assumption that manufacturing process is constant in both approaches, however, poses some limitations in real-life applications. Developers of CMMs are moving towards the use of analogue contact probe, which can scan a larger sample size at a faster rate. CMMs are usually supplied with high-level programming languages that vary with different vendors. More recently, a neutral CMM language called DMIS (Dimensional Measuring Interface Specifications) © 2001 by CRC Press LLC Location Parameters Orientation Size Angle cx, cy, cz cosine vectors of the direction of the line cx, cy, cz cosine vectors of the normal to the plane away from the material cx, cy, cz cosine vectors of the normal to the plane that contains the circle nil nil nil nil r radius of circle nil r radius of sphere cx, cy, cz r cosine vectors of the axis radius of cylinder of the cylinder cx, cy, cz r cosine vectors of the axis radius of cone at the of the cone which point in point (x, y, z) direction of increasing diameter cx, cy, cz r1 cosine vectors of the axis radius of circular of the torus section of the tube of the torus r2 mean radius of ring of the torus nil nil phi apex angle of the substitute cone
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COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN, ENGINEERING,
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-P
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Editor Cornelius T. Leondes, B.S.,
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Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapt
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the implementation of the IPD syste
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In our IPD system implementations,
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2. Specification of analysis-specif
Page 15 and 16: FIGURE 1.2 base or the design insta
Page 17 and 18: FIGURE 1.4 System architecture of t
Page 19 and 20: of a beam is considered for FEA. Th
Page 21 and 22: FIGURE 1.7 through the control expe
Page 23 and 24: 2. machining facility (e.g., gang m
Page 25 and 26: from the FBDS. The user also specif
Page 27 and 28: Depending on the type of feature to
Page 29 and 30: TABLE 1.6 Tolerance synthesis is de
Page 31 and 32: FIGURE 1.12 Display of the NC tool
Page 33 and 34: component geometric entities and va
Page 35 and 36: FIGURE 1.14 The system architecture
Page 37 and 38: TABLE 1.10 User Input for the Toler
Page 39 and 40: TABLE 1.11 Tolerance Specifications
Page 41 and 42: 7. Z. Young and I. R. Groose. A rul
Page 43 and 44: FIGURE 2.1 Tool paths generated for
Page 45 and 46: FIGURE 2.2 sented by instances of f
Page 47 and 48: TABLE 2.1 A CAD-Generated Hole Conf
Page 49 and 50: FIGURE 2.6 mounted on the rotary ta
Page 51 and 52: FIGURE 2.8 fixture for the machinin
Page 53 and 54: FIGURE 2.10 or best-fit, or the cur
Page 55 and 56: FIGURE 2.11 Linear approximation of
Page 57 and 58: FIGURE 2.13 Circular approximation
Page 59 and 60: FIGURE 2.14(b) Circular approximati
Page 61 and 62: FIGURE 2.16 Types of biarcs. FIGURE
Page 63 and 64: FIGURE 2.18 Approximation of scanne
Page 65: FIGURE 2.20 A touch trigger probe c
Page 69 and 70: FIGURE 2.21 CMM planning requiremen
Page 71 and 72: Product Model Representation for Co
Page 73 and 74: © 2001 by CRC Press LLC TABLE 2.5
Page 75 and 76: TABLE 2.7 Partial Listing of Dimens
Page 77 and 78: 24. Makinouchi, S., Okamoto, M., an
Page 79 and 80: Bijan Shirinzadeh Monash University
Page 81 and 82: FIGURE 3.1 Trends in flexible manuf
Page 83 and 84: FIGURE 3.3 and constrain different
Page 85 and 86: Other Fixturing Techniques There ar
Page 87 and 88: FIGURE 3.6 contact point. The geome
Page 89 and 90: FIGURE 3.8 The vertical support fix
Page 91 and 92: and moments about the contact point
Page 93 and 94: een identified, the normals are use
Page 95 and 96: one of choosing the variables: such
Page 97 and 98: Fixture Module Location An importan
Page 99 and 100: FIGURE 3.15 Illustration of functio
Page 101 and 102: FIGURE 3.18 Minimum separation test
Page 103 and 104: direction) the face, respectively.
Page 105 and 106: FIGURE 3.21 Software structure for
Page 107 and 108: 3.8 Conclusion A reconfigurable fix
Page 109 and 110: Heui Jae Pahk Seoul National Univer
Page 111 and 112: FIGURE 4.1(b) Conceptual framework
Page 113 and 114: 4.3 Measurement Points Sampling and
Page 115 and 116: Surface S2 Measurement Path FIGURE
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FIGURE 4.4 Rough phase alignment ba
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deviation between the nominal CAD d
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FIGURE 4.6(a) Sum of squares distan
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FIGURE 4.7(c) Trailing edge. (c) th
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FIGURE 4.8(a) Profile tolerance of
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The calculated minimum form error i
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FIGURE 4.11(a) A typical mold havin
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FIGURE 4.11(d) Inspection results f
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FIGURE 4.12(c) Maximum deviation (p
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5.1 Introduction Developments in th
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process plan for a part (Figure 5.3
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FIGURE 5.5 leading to the developme
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the previously stored process plan
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FIGURE 5.7 Techniques of defining a
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Feature Recognition and Extraction
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in relation to another feature (e.g
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FIGURE 5.9 Framework for building a
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FIGURE 5.10 Process plan content.
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FIGURE 5.12 Schematic sketch of the
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Several techniques of defining a fe
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TABLE 5.1 Data Structure for Repres
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FIGURE 5.16 Classification of the t
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system to ensure that the part bein
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FIGURE 5.19 Graphical model of the
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TABLE 5.4 Data Structure for Repres
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FIGURE 5.20 Mapping between machini
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algorithms. (Some details of the pr
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FIGURE 5.24 An example rotational p
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FIGURE 5.26 Down_face-turn-up_face
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FIGURE 5.27 Procedure for machine t
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FIGURE 5.28 Determining the number
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DL is needed to be set only if the
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FIGURE 5.31 Operation sequencing co
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Cutting Tool Selection Selection of
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1. A tool is searched for in the da
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FIGURE 5.32 Inputs to optimization
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When these values are substituted,
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Usually, maximum and minimum speed
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FIGURE 5.33 Solution methodology.
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TABLE 5.6 Process Plan Internal Rep
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In a strict theoretical perspective
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18. Domazet, D. S. and Lu, S. C. Y,
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63. Prasad, A. V. S. R. K., Rao, P.
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CAD systems. The sample consists of
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learn to master the new system. An
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Although researchers appear to agre
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Link and Zmud28 found that organic
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Informal Training Informal CAD trai
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informal training programs, felt th
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6. C. A. Beatty, Tall Tales and Rea
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A.Y.C. Nee National University of S
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FIGURE 7.1 Planning, design, and ma
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A metal stamping can have the follo
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FIGURE 7.3 Strips used to notch out
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A Skeletal Approach for the Recogni
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These findings can be used to devel
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Semi-Direct Piloting In cases where
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a larger value, the die operations
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FIGURE 7.9 Symbolic relationship be
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FIGURE 7.11 The shape of the envelo
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TABLE 7.1 Schema for the Generation
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strong reasons to support a move to
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FIGURE 7.16 3-D CAD model of a part
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References Cheok, B.T. et al. (1994
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include the once forbidden generati
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A temporal matrix (T-Matrix) is pro
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FIGURE 8.1 A basic process. (From R
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FIGURE 8.4(a) Generate a new IG usi
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Note if the pair of nodes are both
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TABLE 8.1 Summary of the Rules Cond
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The correctness of these rules is e
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needs to show that after each full
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ule is violated, a warning should b
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Π1 Π3 Π4 FIGURE 8.8(a) After add
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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A ik � ‘U’ and is in a cycle
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FIGURE 8.12(a) Add [p2 t7 p7 t8 p4]
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FIGURE 8.12(c) Add a token to p8 vi
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FIGURE 8.12(e) Add [p8 t9 p14 t10 p
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FIGURE 8.13 An example of rule TT.0
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FIGURE 8.14 A GPN model of a machin
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FIGURE 8.15(b) The first exclusive
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FIGURE 8.15(d) The last exclusive T
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FIGURE 8.15(f) After entering the a
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FIGURE 8.15(h) Completion of Compon
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FIGURE 8.15(j) Two PP-generations:
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FIGURE 8.15(l) The last exclusive T
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t1 t5 p1 p5 t6 (a) t2 t3 t4 2 2 p2
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FIGURE 8.17 An example of partial f
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Theorem 10: If pi → pk in a synth
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Note that control transitions are o
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t j than the lower at , it indicate
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• Programming logic and VLSI arra
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7. Chao, D. Y. and D. T. Wang, Appl
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53. Villaroel, J. L., J. Martinez,
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q u : the numerator of the least ra
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geometric modeling, engineering ana
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In dimension driven or parametric d
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FIGURE 9.3 configuration of bodies
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FIGURE 9.6 FIGURE 9.7 Geometric Int
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FIGURE 9.8 Intersection of degrees
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will introduce a way to propagate p
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Completeness of Dimensions Complete
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FIGURE 9.12 3-D constraints. © 200
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The distance constraint from pt �
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therefore: Now merge the lists and
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Quantity analysis methods have the
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y a revolute joint. By selecting al
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