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CHAPTER 4. YEAR-END SPENDING 163 4.3.1 The Federal Procurement Data System Falling technology costs and the government transparency movement have combined to produce an extraordinary increase in the amount of government data available on the web (??). As of October 2010, Data.gov had 2,936 U.S. federal executive branch datasets available. The Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006, sponsored by Senators Coburn, Obama, Carper, and McCain, required OMB to create a public website, showing every federal award, including the name of the entity receiving the award and the amount of the award, among other information. USAspending.gov was launched in December 2007 and now contains data on federal contracts, grants, direct payments, and loans. The data currently available on USAspending.gov include the full Federal Procure- ment Data System (FPDS) from 2000 through 2009. FPDS is the data system that tracks all federal contracts. Every new contract awarded as well as every follow-on contracting action such as a contract renewal or modification results in an observation in FPDS. Up to 176 pieces of information are available for each contract including dollar value, a four digit code describing the product or service being purchased, the component of the agency making the purchase, the identity of the provider, the type of contract being used (fixed price, cost-type, time and materials, etc.), and the type of bidding mechanism used. While FPDS was originally created in 1978, agency re- porting was incomplete for many years, and we are told that it would be difficult to assemble comprehensive data for years before 2000. Moreover, while FPDS is thought to contain all government contracts from 2000 on, data quality for many fields was uneven before the 2003 FPDS modernization. Therefore, for most of the FPDS-based analyses in this paper, we limit ourselves to data from fiscal years 2004 through 2009. 7 Table 4.1 shows selected characteristics of the FPDS 2004 to 2009 sample. There were 14.6 million contracts during this period or an average of 2.4 million a year. The distribution of contract size is highly skewed. Ninety-five percent of contracts were for dollar amounts below $100,000, while 78 percent of contract spending is 7 FPDS excludes classified contracts. Data are made available in FPDS soon after an award, except during wartime the Department of Defense is permitted a 90 day delay to minimize the potential for disclosure of mission critical information.
CHAPTER 4. YEAR-END SPENDING 164 accounted for by contracts of more than $1 million. Seventy percent of contract spending is by the Department of Defense. The Department of Energy and NASA, which rely on contractors to run large labs and production facilities, and the General Services Administration, which enters into government-wide contracts and contracts on behalf of other agencies, are the next largest agencies in terms of spending on contracts. Twenty-nine percent of contracts were non-competitive, 20 percent were competitive but received only a single bid, and 51 percent received more than 1 bid. Sixty-five percent were fixed price, 30 percent were cost-reimbursement, and 6 percent were on a time and materials or labor hours basis. 4.3.2 The Within-Year Pattern of Government Procurement Spending Figure 4.1 shows contract spending by week, pooling data from 2004 through 2009. There is a clear spike in spending at the end of the year with 16.5 percent of all spending occurring in the last month of the year and 8.7 percent occurring in the last week. The bottom panel shows that when measured by the number of contracts rather than the dollar value, there is also clear evidence of an end-of-the-year spike, with 12.0 percent occurring in the last month and 5.6 percent occurring in the last week. Table 4.1 shows that the end of the year spending surge occurs in all major government agencies. If spending were distributed uniformly throughout the year, we would expect to see 1.9 percent in the final week of the year. The lowest agency percentage is 3.6 percent. Table 4.3 shows the percent of spending on different types of goods and services that occurs at the end of the year. The table shows some of the largest spending categories along with some selected smaller categories that are very similar to the large categories. Construction-related goods and services, furnishings and office equipment, and I.T. services and equipment all have end-of-year spending rates that are significantly higher than the average. These categories of spending often represent areas where there is significant flexibility about timing for performing maintenance
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ESSAYS IN PUBLIC FINANCE AND INDUST
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Acknowledgements I am deeply thankf
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Contents Preface iv Acknowledgement
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2.5.3 The Value of Plan Choice ....
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List of Tables 1.1 Asset Exemption
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CHAPTER 1. BANKRUPTCY 35 of income
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Payments CHAPTER 1. BANKRUPTCY 42 $
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OOP payments CHAPTER 1. BANKRUPTCY
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50 60 70 80 90 100 Insurance covera
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Page 140 and 141: CHAPTER 3. MEDIGAP 123 have benefit
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