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CHAPTER 4. YEAR-END SPENDING 165 or upgrading facilities and equipment, and which, because they represent on-going needs, have a reasonable chance of satisfying the bona fide needs requirement even if spending happens at the end of the year. The categories of spending under the “Services” heading have end-of-year spending rates that are near the average. For these kinds of services it will often be difficult to meet the bona fide needs requirements unless the services are inseparable from larger purchases, the services are necessary to provide continuity into the beginning of the next fiscal year, or the services are covered by special multiyear contracting authorities. Thus it is not surprising that their rate of end of year spending is lower than that for construction, for example. There are two categories of spending where there is very little year-end surge. The first is ongoing expenses such as fuels where attempts to spend at the end of the year would represent a blatant violation of prohibitions against paying for the following year’s expenses with current year appropriations. The second is military weapons systems where because of long planning horizons and the flexibility provided by special appropriations authorities, one would not expect to see a concentration of spending at the end of the year. Figure 4.1 also shows a spike in spending in the first week of the year, along with smaller spikes at the beginning of each quarter. The spending patterns for these beginning of period contracts are very different from those at the end of the year. Appendix Table 4.9 shows that leases and service contracts are responsible for most of the beginning-of-period spikes. 4.3.3 The Impact of Appropriations Timing on the Within- Year Pattern of Government Procurement Spending It is the exception rather than the rule for Congress to pass annual appropriations bills before the beginning of the fiscal year. Over the 10 years from 2000 to 2009, the full annual appropriations process was never completed on time. Although defense appropriations bills were enacted before the start of the fiscal year 4 times, in 8 of the ten years, appropriations for all or nearly all of the civilian agencies were enacted in a single consolidated appropriations act well after the start of the fiscal year.
CHAPTER 4. YEAR-END SPENDING 166 Analysts have attributed some of the challenges facing federal acquisition to the tardiness of the appropriations process, since the delays introduce uncertainty and compress the time available to plan and implement a successful acquisition strategy (?). In this subsection we analyze the relationship between the timing of the annual appropriations acts and the within-year pattern of government contract spending. For this analysis, we use the full 2000 to 2009 FPDS data, even though the data prior to 2004 are of lower quality. In particular, in these earlier years it appears that for some agencies, contracts are all assigned dates in the middle of the month and the within-month weekly pattern is therefore not fully available. Figure 4.2 shows results from regressing measures of end-of-year spending on the timing of annual appropriations. This analysis has two data points for each year, one representing defense spending and the other representing non-defense spending. For each observation we measure the share of annual contract spending occurring in the last quarter, month, and week of the year and the “weeks late” of the enactment of annual appropriations legislation (enactment is defined by the date the President signs the legislation). “Weeks late” measures time relative to October 1 and takes on negative values when appropriations were enacted prior to the start of the fiscal year. For defense spending, “weeks late” measures the date that the defense appropriations bill was enacted. For non-defense spending the date is assigned from the date of the consolidated appropriations act, or, in the case of the two years in which there was not a consolidated act, a date that is the midpoint of the individual non-defense appropriations acts. 8 There is a clear pattern in the data in which later appropriation dates result in a greater fraction of end-of-year spending. In the plots, we show the separate slopes of the defense and non-defense observations. Defense spending tends to be appropriated earlier and to have less end of year spending, but the slopes for the two types of spending are similar. The labels show the regression coefficients, including the coefficients from a pooled regression in which defense and non-defense spending 8 We aggregate all non-defense spending because it facilitates communication of the pattern of results while capturing nearly all of the available variation. We have also run analysis in which we assign each non-defense agency the date of its individual appropriations act and obtain very similar results.
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ESSAYS IN PUBLIC FINANCE AND INDUST
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Acknowledgements I am deeply thankf
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Contents Preface iv Acknowledgement
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2.5.3 The Value of Plan Choice ....
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List of Tables 1.1 Asset Exemption
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4.9 First Week Contract Spending fo
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4.3 I.T. Contracting by Week ......
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CHAPTER 1. BANKRUPTCY 4 relevant le
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Payments CHAPTER 1. BANKRUPTCY 42 $
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OOP payments CHAPTER 1. BANKRUPTCY
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ln(seizable sssets) CHAPTER 1. BANK
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50 60 70 80 90 100 Insurance covera
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Pr(WTP > premium) CHAPTER 1. BANKRU
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Page 140 and 141: CHAPTER 3. MEDIGAP 123 have benefit
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