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Yo!Sushi. Most customers understand so little about Japan that they are<br />

unable to recognize the false experience anyway. ‘Yo! is meant to feel new<br />

and vibrant, to feel the way the British expect Japan to feel – young, modern<br />

and an itsy bit wacky, but with a hint of a historical connection.’ 44 The<br />

case of rotating sushi bars implies that the authenticity of the food served<br />

is of little significance in Europe for the commercial success of the restaurants<br />

marketed as ‘Japanese’.<br />

This is also the case with the newest player in the genre of ‘Japanese<br />

cuisine’ in Europe – the noodle bar Wagamama – which has gone beyond<br />

the sushi boom and elevated the globalization of Japanese cuisine to a next<br />

level. The official Wagamama cookbook published in 1994 declared that<br />

Wagamama is not supposed to be an authentic Japanese noodle<br />

bar. We are not concerned with tradition for its own sake,<br />

nor with cultural purity! We believe that to be a good student<br />

is not to reproduce the same recipe as one’s teacher, but to<br />

adapt it, reflecting the essence of our time and making it better<br />

by making it for ourselves and in our own way. 45<br />

Regular Japanese–English dictionaries translate wagamama as selfishness,<br />

self-indulgence, waywardness. However, many non-Japanese associate<br />

the word with the phrase ‘positive eating + positive living’ coined by the<br />

restaurant to stress the health-oriented philosophy of this new dining establishment.<br />

46 The company puts particular stress on the healthy appeal of the<br />

food it serves – from freshly squeezed fruit juices and a wide choice of vegetarian<br />

alternatives to the ability to cater for customers with food allergies.<br />

Wagamama calls itself a ‘noodle canteen’ and it certainly looks like<br />

one – an open space filled with communal wooden tables and benches (not<br />

chairs), with the capacity to sit up to 100–150 customers. It is an original<br />

creation of Alan Yau, the son of Cantonese immigrants who had run a<br />

Chinese take-away in Norfolk on the eastern coast of England. He has<br />

since left the company and gained fame as the creator and manager of the<br />

exclusive London restaurant Hakkasan, which is the first Chinese restaurant<br />

in Britain to be awarded a Michelin star, and currently counted as one<br />

of the most profitable restaurants in London. 47<br />

The first Wagamama venue opened for business in April 1992 and in<br />

April 2006 the enterprise operated 63 restaurants. Most of them are located<br />

in the uk (42), followed by Australia (11), the Netherlands (3), Ireland<br />

(2), and one each in New Zealand, Belgium, United Arab Emirates,<br />

Denmark and Turkey. The greatest challenge for the enterprise is going<br />

197

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