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6 Ōhama and Yoshihara, Edo, Tōkyō nenpyō, pp. 156–9.
7 Steele, Alternative Narratives, pp. 116–18
8 Ibid., pp. 111, 126.
9 Fujitani, Splendid Monarchy, pp. 1–28.
10 For more details concerning the historical background, see Andrew Gordon,
A Modern History of Japan: From Tokugawa Times to the Present (New York and
Oxford, 2003).
11 See, Henry D. Smith ii, ‘Five Myths About Early Modern Japan’, in Asia in
Western and World History: A Guide for Teaching, ed. A. Embree and C. Gluck
(Armonk, ny, 1997), pp. 520–21; Ronald P. Toby, State and Diplomacy in Early
Modern Japan: Asia in the Development of the Tokugawa Bakufu (Princeton, nj,
1984), pp. 3–22.
12 Gordon, A Modern History of Japan, pp. 46–59.
13 Peter Duus, The Abacus and the Sword: The Japanese Penetration of Korea,
1895–1910 (Berkeley, ca, 1995), p. 3.
14 Harada Nobuo, Konomi to hanbāgā: Nihon shokuseikatsushi no kokoromi (Tokyo,
1995), p. 206.
15 Julia Meech-Pekarik, The World of the Meiji Print: Impressions of a New
Civilization (New York and Tokyo, 1986), p. 65.
16 Ibid., pp. 133, 178.
17 Mary Crawford Fraser, A Diplomat’s Wife in Japan: Sketches at the Turn of the
Century (New York and Tokyo, 1982), p. 336.
18 Hugh Cortazzi, Victorians in Japan: In and Around the Treaty Ports (London and
Atlantic Highlands, nj, 1987), p. 135.
19 Selçuk Esenbel, ‘The Anguish of Civilized Behaviour: The Use of Western
Cultural Forms in the Everyday Lives of the Meiji Japanese and the Ottoman
Turks during the Nineteenth Century’, Japan Review, 5 (1994), pp. 145–85.
20 Fujitani, Splendid Monarchy, pp. 19–21.
21 Noguchi Hokugen, ‘Shokumotsu chōri ron’, Fūzoku gahō, 1 (1880), pp. 13–15.
22 Takie Sugiyama Lebra, Above the Clouds: Status Culture of the Modern Japanese
Nobility (Berkeley, ca, 1993), pp. 187–9.
23 Fraser, A Diplomat’s Wife in Japan, pp. 20–21.
24 Kumakura Isao, ‘Kaisetsu (2)’, in Nihon kindai shisō taikei 23: Fūzoku, sei, ed.
Ogi S., Kumakura I. and Ueno C. (Tokyo, 1990), p. 483.
25 Ulf Hannerz, Transnational Connections: Culture, People, Places (London and
New York, 1996), p. 24
26 Donald Keene, Emperor of Japan: Meiji and his World, 1852–1912 (New York,
2002), pp. 194–213.
27 Fujitani, Splendid Monarchy, p. 4.
28 Harada Nobuo, Rekishi no naka no kome to niku (Tokyo, 2005), p. 22.
29 Naomichi Ishige, ‘Japan’, in The Cambridge World History of Food, ed. K. F. Kiple
and K. C. Ornelas (Cambridge, 2000), vol. ii, pp. 1176–82.
30 Naomichi Ishige, The History and Culture of Japanese Food (London, 2001),
pp. 53–5. See also Harada, Rekishi no naka no kome to niku, pp. 72–95.
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