Figure 2. M<strong>on</strong>thly runoff from Finland, Russia, Est<strong>on</strong>ia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Germany to the Baltic Sea are calculated from measurements at the stati<strong>on</strong>s near the coast. Runoff from Sweden is calculated with use of all stati<strong>on</strong>s near the coast (>100), and divided in 40 coast secti<strong>on</strong>s. The Danish calculati<strong>on</strong>s are made with a similar method resulting in nine secti<strong>on</strong>s. As a whole more then 200 stati<strong>on</strong>s are used and about 86% of the total area is covered by measurements. - 74 - Figure 3. The synoptic meteorological data set covers the whole Baltic Sea drainage basin with a grid of (1×1)º squares. The grid extends over the area: Latitude N 49.5º - 71.5º, L<strong>on</strong>gitude E 7.5º - 39.5º. Time resoluti<strong>on</strong>: UTC 00, 03, 06, 09, 12, 15, 18, 21. The present available time period is from 1979 to 1999. This Figure shows the synoptic stati<strong>on</strong>s reporting <strong>on</strong> December 1999. Reference Carlss<strong>on</strong>,B , Hydrological Data Centre for Baltex, Status Report 2003. Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, 2003.
- 75 - Hydrological and Hydrochemical Surface Water M<strong>on</strong>itoring Network in the Republic of Belarus Ryhor Chekan 1 and Vladimir Korneev 2 1 Republican Hydrometeorogical Centre , 110 Skaryna Avenue, 220023, Minsk, Republic of Belarus, tel. +375-172-64-03-20, fax +375-172-64-03-35, e-mail: chek@by.mecom.ru 2 Central Research Institute for Complex Use of Water Resources (CRICUWR), ½ Slavinskogo Str., 220086, Minsk, Republic of Belarus, tel. +375-172-63-48-33, fax +375-172-63-48-33, e-mail: cricuwr@inf<strong>on</strong>et.by, v_korneev@yahoo.com 1. Introducti<strong>on</strong> The rivers of the Republic of Belarus are related to two seas basins - Baltic and Black. These rivers are divided by a watershed of these seas. The river basins of Vistula (the Western Bug), Neman, Western Dvina and Neva (Lovat) bel<strong>on</strong>g to the Baltic Sea. Dnepr flows to the Black Sea. The distributi<strong>on</strong> of the territory of Belarus with respect to river basin is presented in table 1. Table 1. Name of river basin The area of territory of Byelorussia bel<strong>on</strong>ging to these river basins, km 2 Limits of change of the surface of flow, m (Baltic Sea Coordinate System Units) Western 33149 294,6 - Dvina 96,4 Lovat 483 233,1 - 144,6 Neman 45530 350,1 - 79,7 Western 9944 254,8 - Bug 119,0 Dnepr 67545 350,1 - (without Pripyat) 101,4 Pripyat 50899 334,0 - 102,8 Total 207600 350,1 - 79,7 Average height of a river basin above a level of the Baltic sea, m Density of a river network (in view of the rivers not less than 5 km), km/km 2 156 0,26 174 0,22 174 0,27 149 0,21 164 0,25 145 0,23 160 0,25 The Republic of Belarus is fairly well supplied with water resources. The available natural water resources are quite sufficient for meeting the current and future needs for water. In Belarus, 2% of available surface water and 7% of groundwater resources are used. Water resources of the Belarus range up to 57,9 km 3 in an average year, of which 34 km 3 are formed within the country. Rivers of the Black Sea basin and rivers of the Baltic Sea basin account for about 55% and 45% of annual water discharge, respectively. A major porti<strong>on</strong> of river flow (about 59%) is formed within the country. Water inflow from the territories of neighboring countries (Russia and the Ukraine) reaches 41%. Part of the river flow is accumulated in lakes and watercollecting areas of the republic (6,7 km 3 and 3,1 km 3 , respectively) [4]. Belarus has more than 10000 lakes with the total area of about 150000 ha, 130 000 reservoirs with the total area of 80000 ha and over 20000 rivers with the total length of 90600 km. Comm<strong>on</strong> average l<strong>on</strong>g-term drain of the rivers basins of Belarus is 57,9 km 3 (of which 34,0 km 3 are formed within Belarus). The department of Hydrometeorology is resp<strong>on</strong>sible for the organizati<strong>on</strong> for the hydrological, hydrochemical and hydrobiological m<strong>on</strong>itoring. This department is under the Ministry of Natural Resources and Envir<strong>on</strong>mental Protecti<strong>on</strong>. The observati<strong>on</strong> of surface waters is carried out by the m<strong>on</strong>itoring network of hydrological, hydrochemical and hydrobiological m<strong>on</strong>itoring. The important part of the m<strong>on</strong>itoring is the release of the cadastral documents c<strong>on</strong>taining analyzed and processed results of hydrological observati<strong>on</strong>s. The State Water Cadastre is published as Hydrological year-books incl. «Resources of surface waters », «Hydrological characteristics», «L<strong>on</strong>g-term hydrological characteristics», «Change of a hydrographic network», «Water resources, their use and quality». 2. Hydrological m<strong>on</strong>itoring network Observati<strong>on</strong>s over a hydrological regime <strong>on</strong> the territory of Belarus are started at the end of the 19 th century (1876 - 1881). From the beginning of observati<strong>on</strong>s until now a total of 705 stati<strong>on</strong>s have been operated. At present, there are 122 river m<strong>on</strong>itoring stati<strong>on</strong>s being operated by the Department of Hydrometeorology of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Envir<strong>on</strong>mental Protecti<strong>on</strong>. The distributi<strong>on</strong> of m<strong>on</strong>itoring stati<strong>on</strong>s is presented in table 2. Table 2 Amount of hydrological stati<strong>on</strong>s River basin Summary which functi<strong>on</strong> now Western Dvina 103 17 Neman (without Vilia) 89 12 Vilia 39 11 Western Bug 35 11 Dnepr (without Pripyat) 245 36 Summary 705 122 Permanent hydrological observati<strong>on</strong>s are carried out at 84 rivers and channels (122 posts), 14 lakes and water reservoirs (14 posts). 107 out of 122 m<strong>on</strong>itoring stati<strong>on</strong>s are water discharge stati<strong>on</strong>s, at 77 hydrological posts observati<strong>on</strong>s
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Fourth Stu
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Preface The 4 th Study</str
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- I - Table of Abstracts Title Auth
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- III - Sensitivity in Calculation
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- V - Parameter Estimation of the S
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- VII - The Realism of the ECHAM5.2
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Adam, W. K. .......................
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- 1 - Activities of the GEWEX Hydro
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eference site archive (Cabauw, Neth
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minute averages around the satellit
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Multichannel Microwave Radiometer f
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output has been processed in an equ
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height dependence of the Z-R-relati
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Figure 3. Cross section of salinity
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Lindström, G., Johansson, B., Pers
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conditions even more challenging th
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at the stations Pärnu (Estonia) an
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6. Results There are many possible
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Model parameters and coefficients:
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3. Hydrodynamic model of nutrient l
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No. 15: Minutes of 8 th Meeting of