Fourth Study Conference on BALTEX Scala Cinema Gudhjem

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of snow deposit and snow cover are additionally being carried out. 36 stations operate on the small rivers with the catchment area about 500 км 2 and less. 67 posts are involved in operative information exchange. The main task of the hydrological monitoring network is the reception of information on presence of resources of surface waters, their geographic distribution and variability in time. The information about frequency of high waters and droughts are in particular important in this context. The minimal density of hydrological posts for the flat Byelorussian territories should be 1 station per 1875 км 2 , according to recommendations of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The present density of hydrological posts in the territory of Belarus is 1 station per 1945 км 2 . Therefore, in order to meet the recommendations of WMO Belarus should operate at least 111 hydrological posts. Along the main streams of the big rivers there should be enough of hydrological stations for the purposes of interpolation of water discharges between stations. It is necessary to note, that the hydrological network of Belarus corresponds to related requirements of WMO. But there is a problem concerning observations on small rivers. According to recommendations of WMO the station density of hydrological posts should be equal for small and main rivers. Water discharge of small rivers may be highly influenced by local factors. Absence of a monitoring network is felt very sharply even on rivers with catchments areas of 10 км 2 and less for high industrial developed regions where the smallest rivers are important. 3. Hydrochemical monitoring network The hydrochemical monitoring network includes 129 monitoring sites in rivers and 25 monitoring sites on lakes. The distributions of a river monitoring stations in Belarus due to EUROWATERNET (EWN) classification is presented in table 3. The area of Belarus is 207,6 thousands km 2 . The requirement of EUROWATERNET is one monitoring river station per 1 thousands km 2 . Due to this requirement in Belarus should be about 208 monitoring stations. Table 3 Target number of station due to the EWN requirement 208 Number of rivers/tributaries 55 Total Number of stations 129 Number of representative (R) 129 Number of reference (B) 0 Number of largest (L) 77 (incl. flux) Number of flux (F) 10 No stations on small rivers 2 No on medium rivers 10 No on large rivers 26 No on very large rivers 14 No on largest rivers 77 There appears to be a rather even geographic distribution of stations across the country but there is still a higher station density at the largest rivers in the regions/catchments of the country. - 76 - A major concern is the station division into upstream and downstream stations. The downstream stations may be perfectly representative of urban pressures but they need to make sure that they are not in fact “Impact stations”, lying in the mixing zone of point sources. Taking into account the complexity of this question and necessity of additional researches all these stations should be related to the representative stations in this stage. If the present deficit in station density will be improved following the requirements of EWN-basic, stations at smaller rivers and in other sub-catchments should be selected as reference stations to get a representative overview of all rivers in Belarus – at present the station distribution is biased towards the largest rivers. The requirement of EUROWATERNET for the density of the basic hydrochemical monitoring network in lakes is one monitoring lake station per 1750 km 2 . Due to this requirement, taking into account the total number, size and distribution of lakes, there should be 118 lake monitoring stations in Belarus. Therefore the amount of lake monitoring station in Belarus is presently not adequate for a representative assessment. In the future, the surface water monitoring (hydrological and hydrochemical) in Belarus requires an increase of the station density in particular on small rivers, and also the establishment of transboundary monitoring. The implementation of improved technologies is also important. References State Water Cadastre. The annual data about quality of surface waters (for 1990-2002),2003 National System of Monitoring Republic of Belarus. Results of observations for 2001 year. Annual report. Minsk 2002. World Meteorological Organization. Guide to hydrological practices No. 168. 1994 EUROWATERNET. The European Environmental Agency’s Monitoring and Information. Network for Inland Water Resources. Technical Guidelines for Implementation. Technical Report No. 7. Copenhagen, 1998. Grigory Chekan, Alexander Stankevich, Vladimir Korneev. System of monitoring and assessment of the transboundary river basins in Belarus. International <strong>Conference</strong> on Hydrological Challenges in Transboundary Water Resources Management. Koblenz, Germany 25-27 September 2001
-77- Sea-level Monitoring at MARNET Stations in the Southern Baltic Sea Lutz Eberlein 1 , Reinhard Dietrich 1 , Marko Neukamm 1 , Gunter Liebsch 2 1 TU Dresden, Institut für Planetare Geodäsie,D-01062Dresden, Germany, eberlein@ipg.geo.tu-dresden 2 now: Bundesamt für Kartographie und Geodäsie, Außenstelle Leipzig, Karl-Rothe-Straße 10-14,D-04105 Leipzig Motivation The availability of instantaneous offshore sea-level heights with a high temporal resolution is a valuable complement to already existing information like measurements of tide gauges along the coastline, sea-level heights obtained by satellite altimeter missions or sea-level heights predicted by oceanographic models. Liebsch et al. (2003) Realization For the monitoring of instantaneous sea-level variations at the open sea permanently operating platforms offer optimum conditions. In the Southern Baltic Sea there exist two platforms within the “Marine Environmental Monitoring Network (MARNET)” BSH (2004) of the “Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie (BSH)”, which is operated by the “Institut für Ostseeforschung Warnemünde (IOW)”. Our institute has designed a multi-sensor observation system for the determination of sea-level heights at these MARNET stations. The system consists of a pressure and a radar gauge, an inclinometer, a geodetic GPS system and a data logger (Fig.1). The two systems were installed in November 2002 and in February 2003. Measurements are carried out every hour with a sampling interval of 15 minutes. The sampling rate is 0.2 seconds for the pressure gauge and 1 second for the other sensors. The observation concept is completed by a GPS reference station, which was installed at the top of the lighthouse of the island Hiddensee (Fig. 2). One problem to be solved for the multi-sensor system was to determine the eccentricity between the sensors, especially between the GPS antenna and the pressure gauge under offshore terms with sufficiet accuracy. We will discuss the technical design, the data processing and the quality management of the multi-sensor system in order to get sea-level heights with an accuracy of a few centimeters. We will show results, e.g. comparisons of the pressure and the radar gauge. References BSH, Marines Umweltmessnetz des BSH in Nord- und Ostsee, http://www.bsh.de/de/ Meeresdaten/Beobachtungen/MARNET- Messnetz/Langtext.PDF, 2004 G.Liebsch et al., Realisation of a Multisensoral Observation System for the Determination of Offshore Sea-Level Heights, Poster EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly, Nice, France, 06-11 April 2003 Figure . 1 Components of the multi-sensor system Figure . 2 Location of the MARNET and GPS Reference stations
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Fourth Stu
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Preface The 4 th Study</str
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- I - Table of Abstracts Title Auth
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- III - Sensitivity in Calculation
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- V - Parameter Estimation of the S
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- VII - The Realism of the ECHAM5.2
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Adam, W. K. .......................
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- 1 - Activities of the GEWEX Hydro
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eference site archive (Cabauw, Neth
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- 5 - Remote Sensing of Atmospheric
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minute averages around the satellit
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- 9 - Precipitation Type Statistics
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- 11 - Assimilation of New Land Sur
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Multichannel Microwave Radiometer f
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output has been processed in an equ
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height dependence of the Z-R-relati
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- 19 - CERES and Surface Radiation
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- 21 - Coastal Wind Mapping from Sa
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- 23 - Clouds and Water Vapor over
Page 41 and 42: - 25 - Broadband Cloud Albedo from
Page 43 and 44: - 27 - Observation of Clouds and Wa
Page 45 and 46: shows a ground-track of the vessel
Page 47 and 48: - 31 - Determination and Comparison
Page 49 and 50: - 33 - Spatial Variability of Snow
Page 51 and 52: - 35 - EVA-GRIPS: Regional Evaporat
Page 53 and 54: - 37 - LITFASS-2003 - A Land Surfac
Page 55 and 56: -39- Calibrated Surface Temperature
Page 57 and 58: - 41 - The Marine Boundary Layer -
Page 59 and 60: - 43 - Characteristics of the Atmos
Page 61 and 62: Figure 2. Surface stress from two d
Page 63 and 64: During the experiment the water was
Page 65 and 66: While the number of smallest drops
Page 67 and 68: SCANDIA will not be supported any l
Page 69 and 70: - 53 - Relationships Between Precip
Page 71 and 72: - 55 - Analysis of the Role of Atmo
Page 73 and 74: - 57 - Meteorological Peculiarities
Page 75 and 76: Baltic Sea Inflow Events Jan Piechu
Page 77 and 78: - 61 - The Different Baltic Inflows
Page 79 and 80: - 63 - Observations of Turbulent Ki
Page 81 and 82: - 65 - The Influence of Synoptic Si
Page 83 and 84: -67- Improved Method for the Determ
Page 85 and 86: -69- The Helicopter-Borne Turbulenc
Page 87 and 88: - 71 - CEOP Reference Site Data fro
Page 89 and 90: - 73 - The BALTEX Hydrological Data
Page 91: - 75 - Hydrological and Hydrochemic
Page 95 and 96: 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 GO(CLD-M) ERA40 S
Page 97 and 98: Figure 2. Monhly mean values of lat
Page 99 and 100: In the case of an ideal fit, the co
Page 101 and 102: - 85 - Influence of Atmospheric For
Page 103 and 104: The largest inter-annual variabilit
Page 105 and 106: References Andrejev, O, Sokolov, A.
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Page 109 and 110: Cyberska 1989, Cyberska and Krzymin
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Page 113 and 114: - 97 - ICTS (Inter-CSE Transferabil
Page 115 and 116: The subsurface flow calculation is
Page 117 and 118: functions only data with higher qua
Page 119 and 120: - 103 - Modelling the Impact of Ine
Page 121 and 122: - 105 - Objective Calibration of th
Page 123 and 124: - 107 - Validation of Boundary Laye
Page 125 and 126: - 109 - Simulated Dynamical Process
Page 127 and 128: spreads along isobaths (fig.2). As
Page 129 and 130: than the precipitation pattern of J
Page 131 and 132: Figure 2. Long-term variability in
Page 133 and 134: obvious from temperature charts. Ho
Page 135 and 136: shortening of the winter seasons by
Page 137 and 138: Maximum 5 day precipitation (mm) Nu
Page 139 and 140: scale parameters the correlation be
Page 141 and 142: similar: the locations of main mini
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- 127 - Storminess on the Western C
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- 129 - Trends in Wind Speed over t
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- 131 - Wind Energy Prognoses for t
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- 133 - Detection of Climate Change
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Figure 3. Cross section of salinity
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of 35 m/s up to 3 hours. Data on wi
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Figure 2. Time series of Mean Sea L
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- 141 - Calculation and Forecast of
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- 143 - An Overview of Long-Term Ti
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- 145 - Baltic Sea Saltwater Inflow
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- 147 - Significance of Feedback in
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Lindström, G., Johansson, B., Pers
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- 151 - Air-Sea Fluxes Including Mo
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- 153 - The Realism of the ECHAM5.2
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- 155 - Figure 3. Accumulated total
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Figure 2. Example for Fourier decom
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Figure1. Modeled percent volume cha
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conditions even more challenging th
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surface heat fluxes close to zero.
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- 165 - Figure 1. Modeled seasonal
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- 167 - Present-Day and Future Prec
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- 169 - Extreme Precipitation on a
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at the stations Pärnu (Estonia) an
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6. Results There are many possible
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and vegetation, and to derive the h
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The structure of water bodies cadas
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Figure 1. The area of Gdańsk subje
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- 181 - Climate and Water Resources
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- 183 - Generating Synthetic Daily
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The evapotranspiration is affected
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Model parameters and coefficients:
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3. Hydrodynamic model of nutrient l
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No. 15: Minutes of 8 th Meeting of
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Fourth Study Conference on BALTEX Scala Cinema Gudhjem

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