Industrialised, Integrated, Intelligent sustainable Construction - I3con

HANDBOOK 2 SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION
W/m 2 K. To prevent overheating from excessive solar irradiation, shading is utilised which changes
the g-value from 0.65 to 0.15 once a threshold temperature of 23°C is reached.
Simulation results
Using the model, the influence of each of the parameters was examined by simulating values both
higher and lower than those in a self-created reference situation. As such, the influence of each
parameter could be determined by studying various output graphs and comparing the energy demand.
Figure 3. Representation of hourly indoor temperatures within comfort limits
Figure 4. Simulated indoor temperature from Jan 1 st to Dec 31 st 1995
Figure 3 displays two graphs created by the simulation model showing the extent to which people feel
comfortable during a year. Six lines or limits can be distinguished, split into two sets of three lines.
The top limit indicates the maximum temperature at which 65 % of the people still find the indoor
climate comfortable, the second limit indicates the maximum temperature that 80 % of the people still
find comfortable, while the third limit indicates a 90 % satisfaction rate. The lower three lines/limits
indicate the same percentages, but this time for the minimum temperatures. It should be noted that the
dots in the graph represent every hour of the day, including night times when no people are present.
The model indicates that for more than 80% of the year the Climate Adaptive Skin (CAS) is able to
create a comfortable indoor temperature without consuming any energy, except for the electricity
demand of the fans. Depending on what year is simulated, overheating in summer can occur. In 1964,
which is often used as the ‘standard’ reference year, overheating practically does not take place. In
1995, which had a very warm summer and which is sometimes used as the ‘extreme’ reference year,
overheating in summer can occur in the height of summer (see Figure 4), with indoor temperatures
reaching 30°C on a few occasions. The reason for overheating is that during the night, temperatures
are not below 20°C, so that the PCM cannot shed unwanted heat during the night, and cannot store
cooling energy in the PCM for use during the day.
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