Industrialised, Integrated, Intelligent sustainable Construction - I3con

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SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION HANDBOOK 2 arranging maintenance activities to ensure that building functions perform normally can improve facility and equipment maintenance efficiency (Ko, 2009). Indoor Emergency Navigation. Indoor emergency navigation based on building information modeling (BIM) can help in case of fire or other incidents during the occupation of a building. High relevancy exists, especially for complex public buildings like airports (Rüppel and Stübbe, 2008). Thereby, the same could be applied to emergency navigation on a construction site. Safety of occupants of buildings could be significantly improved by better orientation of people and rescue troupes within the building as well easier access to life saving facilities. Operation. In recent years, the “house of the future” had been discussed also in terms of RFID technology which could support the automation of applications within households and during the occupancy of houses. One application of RFID is a refrigerator developed by the German company Liebherr. Liebherr’s refrigerator detects products beyond the date of expiry and automatically creates a shopping list (see Metro, 2009). The information is shown on a screen integrated into the door. Additionally, the RFID system could inform about products “out-of-stock” or products that have been declared as important by the owner before. As several companies in the consumer goods industry like Germanys Metro AG or the US Company Wal Mart in association with manufacturers of consumer goods and producers of RFID systems, are planning to tag each single product. Apart from information about the price and the date of expiry other information stored on the transponder could be, for instance, ingredients, calories or nutritional values as well as manufacturers and delivery dates. Another application of RFID is the automated setting of ovens. Therefore, a RFID antenna is installed in an oven to recognise products with tags. The reading device initiates related oven settings from the cooking instruction at the tag. However, this is still to be scrutinised in terms of the adoption of food with tags by the consumers. A further application, although closely related to the manufacturing industry, is the application of RFID for washing machines. Clothes are signed with tags to either support logistics in the fashion industry or to monitor working cloth of, for instance, construction workers. Washing-instructions stored on the tag are used to set the optimal washing machine program in order not to damage cloth. For further information on RFID applications in household appliances see also (RFID Journal, 2003). Deconstruction and Recycling At the end of the life time of a building usually, after several reuse and renovation cycles, deconstruction of a building takes place. With respect to environmentally friendly and sound behaviour, the aim of deconstruction should be to allow a systematic selective deconstruction of buildings which helps to separate different kinds of building materials and their reutilization or recycling (Schultmann and Rentz, 2002; Schultmann, 2005). Compared to other industrial products the deconstruction and recovery of buildings or building materials is quite complex. In several other industries the so called extended producer responsibility (EPR) with the objective to return spent products or components to their original producers is already implemented. Apart from components which are routinely replaced or maintained it is far less likely to return building materials to their manufacturer. The main reason is the usually long lifetime of a building ranging from 50 to 150 years, in comparison to other industrial products. Before deconstruction takes place information has to be gathered on the composition of the building, i.e. on materials and components to be deconstructed. This includes data about the manufacturer, built in date as well as on contamination with hazardous substances. However, information on the composition of buildings either gets lost during the lifetime of the building or is not updated during renovation processes. Hence, information available for deconstruction planning is inaccurate and incomplete and costly surveys on the composition of the building and materials to be dealt with (e.g. asbestos or other contaminated material) have to be commissioned, before, on the one hand, selective deconstruction plans can be set up, and, on the other hand, cost estimates and bids can be made. Concluding, a retention of information over the whole life of the building would significantly add to the ecologic as well as to the economic dimension of sustainability by enabling a more precise cost 158
HANDBOOK 2 SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION estimation of deconstruction projects and succeeding recycling processes and by preventing unexpected incidents during the dismantling of the building. However, data about the composition of buildings might usually be difficult to obtain as, in general, multiple modifications or renovations during the building’s lifetime take place and responsibilities for information gathering and holding are not always clear. If RFID is already used for renovation processes and new materials or components are tagged with RFID transponders identification would become realistic. The data could be read by a reading device (e. g. by a handheld PDA) from the individual object. Furthermore, if data, e.g. information about the date of construction, the last date of maintenance, reparations etc., are permanently updated, their condition is directly available during the deconstruction and recovery planning phase. This is especially attractive for possible reuse of components. Additionally, by the direct availability of information about the product the data usually cannot get lost during the long time lag between construction and deconstruction. Thereby, responsibility would only have to be assigned with respect to guarantee that all necessary components are tagged with the right information, which, in most of the cases, would be the related construction firm. Data collection however, can be done by anyone with the right equipment to read the RFID tags. However, due to technological progress it still has to be shown whether a technology up to date right now will last a period of 50 to 100 years, i.e. the life time of a building, to be read out. Limitations and Benefits of RFID in Sustainable <strong>Construction</strong> An empirical investigation including 70 RFID experts has revealed critical success factors for the implementation of RFID (BSI, 2004). Around 50 % of the experts mention interferences caused by metal or liquids and the missing standardization of frequencies and sending power present as very high or high limitations to the application of RFID. This is followed by missing standardization in the area of product identification and reservations against data protection (Jaselskis and El-Misalami, 2003). Only a small number really think that information security as well as transponder and reader costs could hamper the application of RFID (BSI, 2004). Currently, the costs both for RFID reading devices and transponders are quite high because of their variable character (each object has to be tagged with its own transponder). The prices for transponders range from € 5 cents to several Euro for a passive transponders and from 5 € to 50 € or more for active transponders depending on the volume and fabrication (RFID Journal, 2009). While the limitations caused by missing standards (mainly in the area of frequencies and transmitting powers) and data security can be seen as a challenge in general, and data protection is mainly a topic in the consumer goods industry, the interferences caused by metal and other environmental influences like moisture, liquids or dirt are a major concern within the construction industry. RFID systems especially developed for construction by RFID manufacturer (Schreiner Logidata, 2005b) are the socalled, (rfid)-onMetal-Label “and guarantees a reliable identification without an exertion of the electromagnetic field. The “(rfid)-onMetal-Label” can be tagged directly to metallic surfaces. The example shows that RFID companies can respond to environmental requirements within certain industries. More and more systems and components especially developed to withstand environmental conditions have been developed recently. The further development of special components appropriate for the construction industry will be a question of how far there will be an adoption of RFID within the industry in the future. Here the construction industry could benefit from the developments within industries with similar conditions like, for instance, the automotive sector (Collins, 2005). However, construction professionals have become aware of the need for wide spread application of RFID in the construction industry to improve the sustainability of construction processes in terms of economy, ecology as well as social means (Robl, 2008). As addressed in the sections before, economic benefits result, among others, from improved material identification and the decrease in faulty or wrong deliveries, improved project progress monitoring through reduced control effort, fewer problems with loss of tools and theft on site as well as decreased data collection effort during maintenance of buildings or during deconstruction planning. Ecological benefits arise from the retention of life cycle information about the materials and components of a building, which is a prerequisite for the efficient deconstruction and recycling of valuable materials at the end of the life 159
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Industrialised, Integrated, Intelligent sustainable Construction - I3con

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