Industrialised, Integrated, Intelligent sustainable Construction - I3con

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SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION HANDBOOK 2 Sustainable Buildings and Lifecycle Differentiation Each (sub)system and each component of a facility has thus its own lifetime scenario. The primary function that is facilitated may exist considerably longer than the facility itself. For example, the functional life of a hospital may span more than 200 years, while buildings normally have an estimated lifetime of 30 to 60 years. But sub-functions of a hospital have a considerable shorter lifetime than the main function. For hospitals we may refer to changing diagnostics technologies, such as the introduction of magnetic resonance (MRI) technologies during the last decades. An MRI scanner is a very heavy object that cannot be placed on a floor that is designed for regular loads. Also the recent policy to reduce the hospitalization time of patients and to increase the number of polyclinic treatments had an impact on the functional requirements for hospitals. Of even more importance can be changes in organization. For reasons of efficiency it can be decided that three existing hospitals merge into one, and that certain locations are no longer needed because of improved infrastructure. Such changes have a dramatic impact on the building. Does it have to be written off, even though it is still in good condition? Can it be given a new destination? Without any doubt, the future will bring more changes. But these are difficult to forecast. Differences between the three types of lifetime require changes in the state or configuration of an artefact. Systems or components that need to be replaced but have not reached the end of their physical or technological life may be reused in the same or in another facility. In case systems or components cannot be reused as such, the materials from which they are made can be reused. To trash components or materials, just because the user need has changed or disappeared, would be a waste of capital, and an abuse of scarce natural resources. The Living Building Concept aims therefore at the reuse of components that have finished their usage lifetime but not their physical or technological lifetime. For components that have finished their physical and technological lifetime, it aims at the recycling of materials from which they are composed. As a consequence, the Living Building Service Provider has to manage various lifecycles and a dynamic configuration structure. A reference model that can handle such configuration changes is published by [Gielingh 2008]. 196 The business process that supports Living Buildings Monitoring usage, environmental condition and building performance The monitoring function of Living Buildings is an alternative for the current practice of trying to forecast the future. A provider of Product/Service combinations for Living Buildings cannot assume that user requirements never change. Instead of waiting for users to complain, he must be proactive, so that new services can be developed. In order to keep the building fit-for-use he must understand the activities that are facilitated by the building, understand the conditions under which they take place, and understand trends. The provider must follow demographic trends of the community in which his building is located so that he can anticipate changes in required capacity. He must also understand trends in the processes that are facilitated, such as new teaching methods, new types of medical treatment, and new quality and comfort levels that users demand. The appreciation of the performance of a building depends not only on the building itself, but also on the activities of the user and on environmental conditions. A room in which people are in motion requires a lower temperature than a room in which people are passive. Figure 6 (top) gives an example of five building related, two usage related and two environmental related parameters that may affect perceived thermal comfort in a room [Säteri 2004].
HANDBOOK 2 SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION air temperature air temperature gradient draught humidity surface temperatures human activity (motion) clothing outside air temperature outside air humidity physical (radon) chemical particles biological agents occupancy time occupants/sqm outside air quality thermal comfort indoor air quality Figure 6. Two examples of the need to monitor room condition, room usage and environment for the determination of perceived room performance Hence, an essential part of providing adequate services and adequate performance is to monitor the building, its usage and its environment. Some of these monitoring functions can be done automatically with electronic equipment, but others require human action. Certain performance criteria cannot be met by the building alone, but require additional servicing. Cleaning, supply of consumables and light maintenance are well known examples. But also the optimization of health, safety and security conditions can be developed as a service by the provider. Vitalization The term 'maintenance' is used today for the servicing activity that keeps a facility in its original state. This term reflects the current static view on the functional needs for a facility. It assumes that these needs do not change. The servicing activity that aims at the maximization of yield (= integral values divided by integral costs) is described by the term 'vitalization'. It incorporates not only traditional maintenance, but also modification of the facility to serve changing user needs and changing trends in technology and fashion. Whereas most buildings meet only the user and community criteria that were defined at design stage, a living building aims at meeting actual criteria. This does not imply that the building is changed continuously, as the costs of change will have to be weighed against increased value. But, in principle, the building will be adapted on a regular basis in order to keep users satisfied and in order to meet changing standards such as for safety, health and energy. Vitalization of a building may mean that the building has to be made larger or smaller. In the latter case, building components will be released. If the Living Building concept would be applied according to traditional cradle-to-grave thinking, downscaling would be identical to (partial) demolition, which creates substantial waste. According to [Krutwagen et al 2004] construction is today responsible for 10.7% of the depletion of the Earth’s natural resources. 197
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