Industrialised, Integrated, Intelligent sustainable Construction - I3con

SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION HANDBOOK 2
The participation of the different team members on the intersection of the energy and atmosphere
sustainability criteria and the design phase is for the criteria design stage: owner 18%, architect 8%,
engineer or specialty consultant 39%, general contractor 18%, trade contractor 11%, and facility
manager 6%; for the detailed design stage: owner 8%, architect 41%, engineer or specialty consultant
38%, general contractor 12%, trade contractor 23%, and facility manager 4%; and for the
implementation documents stage: owner 0%, architect 8%, engineer or specialty consultant 36%,
general contractor 25%, trade contractor 31%, and facility manager 0%. The owner has higher
participation during the criteria design phase because he/she should be part of the selection of energy
systems and on the definition of some components such as renewable energy systems. The owner
participation is reduced afterwards; his/her main role is on the definition of quality levels
requirements. The main role of the facility manager is in regard to the definitions of the measurement
and verification system. The role of the architect is of support to engineers and the specialty
consultants, because the most important designers of the energy systems are the specialty consultants.
For the interaction between the materials and resources sustainability criteria and the design phase, the
participation distribution of team members during the criteria design is: owner 15%, architect 44%,
engineer or specialty consultant 2%, general contractor 35%, trade contractor 4%, and facility
manager 1%; during the detailed design: owner 16%, architect 42%, engineer or specialty consultant
4%, general contractor 30%, trade contractor 7%, and facility manager 1%; and during the
implementation documents: owner 0%, architect 57%, engineer or specialty consultant 0%, general
contractor 33%, trade contractor 10%, and facility manager 0%. The participation of the team
members on this interaction differs compared to the participation on previous sustainability criteria.
The architect is the major decision maker and receives important input from the general contractor.
During the first stages of design the owner participates on the selection of design options and on the
establishment of quality levels. The facility manager has very small participation and it is regarding
space for collection of recyclables during operation. The participation of engineers is low and deals
with reuse of existing building structural components or selection of structural material.
Regarding the intersection of environmental quality sustainability criteria and the design phase, the
participation distribution of team members during the criteria design is: owner 13%, architect 29%,
engineer or specialty consultant 24%, general contractor 22%, trade contractor 8%, and facility
manager 5%; during the detailed design: owner 10%, architect 26%, engineer or specialty consultant
27%, general contractor 14%, trade contractor 16%, and facility manager 7%; and during the
implementation documents: owner 1%, architect 28%, engineer or specialty consultant 26%, general
contractor 22%, trade contractor 22%, and facility manager 1%. The role of the owner is very
important compared to other sustainability criteria especially during the first two stages of design,
because these criteria deal with user wellbeing. The facility manager plays a role in those stages as
well, especially on the determination of comfort levels. Within these sustainability criteria, both the
architect and engineers and specialty consultants play the main roles as designers throughout the
process. The general contractor has a higher participation at the beginning of design, his/her
participation decreases at the middle stage, and increases again during the elaboration of
implementation documents. The participation of subcontractors is very similar compared to their
participation to achieve the energy and atmosphere sustainability criteria.
In a conventional process, usually only the owner and architect participate during the schematic
design phase; therefore the definition on major engineering systems is done later in the process, when
achieving synergies between them becomes very difficult. In addition, the knowledge of engineers
and specialty consultants is lost on the development of the architectural design. Moreover, the
construction team comes on board when the design is supposed to be finished; therefore their
knowledge is completely lost on the design, and major design problems appear late in the construction
phase, when changes are very expensive and solutions to those problems cannot be optimal. In a
traditional project process the procurement takes a long time after the design is concluded; therefore
sometimes prefabrication options are reduced.
In an integrated project the construction process should be very smooth, because of the previous
coordination and detail finalization; therefore the changes should be reduced. The optimum
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