Industrialised, Integrated, Intelligent sustainable Construction - I3con

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SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION HANDBOOK 2 - Equipment: Master, producer and organizational data in terms of a unique ID, operation limitations, name of manufacturer, date of delivery, ownership, or required skills. Figure 1. Extended model of the building life cycle (Lützkendorf and Lorenz, 2006) Production Similar to other industries like the automotive sector an efficient management of the Supply Chain (SC) presents enormous potential in cost reduction, the avoidance of out-of-stock situations and wrong deliveries as well as an increase in logistical processes. The construction industry could benefit from improved standardisation of incoming goods inspection as well as the tracking and tracing of construction materials and components (Simchi-Levi et al., 2003). Additionally, RFID enhances the information flow among offices and sites in a construction supply chain environment and, hence, improves not only work efficiency on the construction site, but also provides a dynamic operation control and management for the whole project (Wang et al., 2007). Hence, the application of RFID in the production process of buildings, in particular on the construction site, increases the economic sustainability of construction processes and helps to reduce costs for material identification and project control. Material Identification and Quality Control. In comparison to barcodes RFID enables the identification of materials like discrete solids, liquids, gaseous and metals as well as other components. Currently, product identification marking mainly made directly on the product or packaging by a worker with pen or chalk, as print on the side of the material or on a material layer, as engraving or laser marking, or as label with or without barcode (König, 2009). For easy identification, however, an RFID tag can be attached to each of the components. For expandable items, usually, package labeling is used. Pallet-level tagging can lead to even more efficient identification of products and reduce misdirected shipments and enables a more efficient consignment verification (Jaselskis et al., 1995; Jaselskis and El-Misalami, 2003; Yagi et al., 2005; Srivastava, 2004; König, 2009). Fig. 2 illustrates the identification of building materials supported by a RFID system at the goods receipt on a construction site. Furthermore, information about building materials, e. g. the name of the supplier, the delivery date, the amount delivered as well as the method of delivery can be stored on the RFID tag and enables the supplier as well as the consumer to trace materials and components, even if delivered as freight consisting of different materials and components, in order to save time collecting necessary information (Matsuda, 2005). Thereby, manual recording of inspection results of material tests by paper-based documents can be replaced by RFID. An RFID quality management system can serve as a platform for gathering, filtering, managing, monitoring and sharing quality data, as it was already shown for concrete specimen quality testing in Taiwan (Wang 2008). 154
HANDBOOK 2 SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION Tracking of building materials with RFID at the entrance of a construction site storage area Figure 2. RFID system for object identification at the goods receipt storage area storage area For instance, a RFID trial was conducted by Fluor Construction in cooperation with Shaw industries, a supplier of metal pipes, in September 2003. The aim was to determine whether RFID could help automate and speed up the identification of building materials. It was shown that pipes with a length up to 40 feet loaded on a truck could be identified from a distance of 10 feet using a frequency of 915 MHz. In this 100 percent accurate readings had been recorded (Collins, 2004). The application of RFID could, hence, reduce lack of information on receipt of ordered material and components (Jaselskis et al., 1995). Tracking and Tracing of Construction Materials and Project Progress. Despite the control of the delivery process, warehouse management and stock keeping is eased since a great part of the materials are usually stored temporarily on the construction site. As site congestion is usually high and part of the storage space is also assigned randomly, RFID could support the identification of these objects on the building site. Having lost track of certain components and materials RFID supports the construction worker finding certain building materials and components even over longer distances without line-of-sight. This could be realized with a simple handheld reader or via GPS from a certain place inside or outside the construction site, e.g. Song et al. (2006) or Ergen et al. (2007) who develop a prototype model for the location of precast concrete components with minimal worker input in the storage yard of a manufacturing plant. Additionally, with the material tracking function it is possible to monitor project progress by comparing the planned project progress with the current progress in project schedule. If drawing and plans are available digitally, parts lists can be compared with components already built in (König, 2009). Furthermore, RFID can be applied in automated materials management. Using RFID tags materials data as they arrive at the site can be recorded and their movement around the site is detected and recommendations on materials purchasing orders or warnings on low material stock can be made (Navon and Berkovich, 2006). Construction Access Control and On-Site Safety. Mainly in office buildings and premises automatic identification and access control systems have been successfully implemented. Similar to the systems used in, for instance, skiing resorts, RFID could be applied at the entrance of a construction site to automatically activate the gate opening mechanism if a person or car moves into the reception area of the systems reading device after reconciling the personalized data stored on the transponder. This could be implemented as a smart card technology, i.e. information is stored on a plastic card (like access to parking lots) the construction worker owns and access is granted if the data stored on the smart card is verified with the data stored in the backend system. These smart cards can either work without or with direct contact to the reader. 155
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Industrialised, Integrated, Intelligent sustainable Construction - I3con

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