Industrialised, Integrated, Intelligent sustainable Construction - I3con

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SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION HANDBOOK 2 In winter, the indoor temperatures are uncomfortably low in the simulations. This can clearly be seen in Figure 3 where the lower comfort limit is exceeded for a significant part of the year. This originated from the fact that no proper heating is yet implemented in the simulation model. The heating present in the model consumes a total of 4.6 kWh per m 2 floor area per year, which is roughly equivalent to a constant heat source of 0.5 W. Better insulation will decrease the heating demand, but further research is necessary to address this problem. 118 Test results To assess the validity of the simulation model, two ventilation units have been tested in a climate chamber (Figure 5). The ventilation units contain PCM plates, a heat exchanger and two fans (one for fresh air, one for stale air) that provide the ventilation in the CAS concept. Figure 5. Test ventilation units in the climate chamber Figure 6 represents a 3.5 day test, during which the daytime temperatures climbed to approximately 30°C, while at night the temperatures dropped to about 15°C, with a constant ventilation rate of 28.8 m 3 /h, equivalent to a ventilation rate of 3, or complete refresh of the indoor air of 3 times per hour in the simulation model. The phase change in the PCM plates can be seen in a plateau in the exit temperature (the dotted line in Figure 6) after the quick drop in outdoor temperature. Figure 6. Measured incoming and exiting air temperatures in ventilation unit in 3.5 day cycle
HANDBOOK 2 SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION By comparing the test data with simulation data, the following results are obtained (Figure 7). As can be seen, the results are quite similar, but not identical. Especially in the two last cycles the measured data display a peak indicating that the PCM has reached a full liquid state, whereas the simulation model does not show this behaviour. This is most likely due to a slight difference in thermal behaviour between the simulated PCM and the actual material. The simulation model matches the graph in Fig. 2 closely, but it is very well possible that the graph does not display an accurate characteristic of the PCM in use. It is expected the graph of the PCM used in the test setup has a slightly different curve than the curve that is used as the basis for latent energy in the simulation model. Figure 7. Simulated (red) and measured (yellow) exiting air temperatures in the ventilation unit Conclusions Research has been carried out in search of a façade concept that is able to condition an office space autonomously using mostly passive technologies. To validate the concept, a simulation model is developed which in turn is validated using two test units and a climate chamber. The simulation model suggests that it is possible to create a comfortable indoor environment throughout the year using the Climate Adaptive Skin concept, as long as extra heating is provided. The heating can be provided in different ways, e.g. through heating of the PCM plates to stay within the concept of autonomous operation, or alternatively e.g. through floor heating. Application of the concept, including the ventilation unit, means that no centralised climate control is needed for cooling or ventilation. If photovoltaic panels are fitted to the façade to power the fans that drive the ventilation, the facade would in theory be able to ventilate and cool the adjacent office autonomously and energy neutrally over the year, with the fans for ventilation being the only moving parts. Tests performed on ventilation units that are similar to those simulated display results that are close to what can be expected based on the simulations; the tests indicate that the ventilation unit is able to condition ventilation air as intended. With the validated simulation model the behaviour of the Climate Adaptive Skin in real life situations can be predicted. Building and testing a full-scale fully functional prototype is the next step before market introduction. 119
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