Industrialised, Integrated, Intelligent sustainable Construction - I3con

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SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION HANDBOOK 2 and the different phases of its life cycle are significantly higher than in traditional manufacturing processes. Thereby, the application of such innovative technologies could significantly increase the sustainability of life cycle management in construction, not just with respect to economic means (e.g. more efficient processes), but also with respect to ecological (e.g. waste management in construction) and social aspects (e.g. worker safety on site). 152 Objectives This paper reveals potential areas of application of RFID in construction. Additionally RFID applications are embedded in the life cycle of a building and its contribution to sustainability. Thereby, special focus can be drawn to the application of RFID in industrialized construction where it can be applied for the production of building components and parts and tracking them from production to installation. Hence, a future prospective for the adoption of this technology in <strong>sustainable</strong> construction management throughout the life cycle of a building is developed. It is not intended, however, to give a complete overview of all possible applications in construction as done, for instance, by Wing (2006) and Jaselskis and El-Misalami (2003) as well as in König et al. (2009). Instead, the prospective encompasses issues like material management or safety on site, the automation and optimisation of facility management processes and monitoring of operating resources during occupation and operation of buildings, as well as environmentally sound deconstruction planning based on information gathered with RFID. RFID - Technology “Radio Frequency Identification” is a technique for the identification of objects with radio waves. Basically, a RFID system consists of three components: the transponder, the reader, and antenna. The transponder contains an integrated circuit (IC, i.e. chip) for the data storage and an antenna for sending and receiving data. It is directly tagged to the object and also referred to as “tag”. In general, there are two types of transponders. While active transponders contain a battery for internal power supply, passive transponders gain energy from the reader’s electromagnetic field (Sweeney, 2005; Jilovec, 2004). Usually, passive transponders are cheaper while active transponders have a higher memory capacity and higher reading ranges. Transponders or tags come along as, for instance, smart cards, coins or labels. The reader communicates and reads the information from the tag. Additionally, the reader can send new data to the tag. Data is usually further transferred to a backend system, like a standardised software application such as an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system. Attached to the reader is the antenna, this sends signals from the reader waiting for the reply of the transponder. For simplification, the device of the reader and antenna will be considered as “reading device” or “reader”. The reading range of a RFID system depends on the frequency of the electromagnetic waves. The higher the frequency, the higher the possible reading ranges. These ranges vary from some millimeters up to several metres. The bandwidth of the frequencies RFID systems use are subdivided into Low Frequencies (LF), High Frequencies (HF), Ultra High Frequencies (UHF) and Microwaves. Thereby the frequencies of 135 kHz, 13.56 MHz, 868/915 MHz, 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz are most commonly used depending on the application. 1 Generally, low-frequency tags are used for reading distances less than 25 cm, for instance, access control or work-in-progress inventory. In contrast, high-frequency tags are used for reading distances of a few metres (smart cards). Ultrahighfrequency tags are used, for instance, when high-speed reading is essential and the reading distances are up to several metres, e.g. for toll payment (Srivastava, 2004). RFID has already been proven to be successful for various applications in recent years. A well-known application is the installation of theft-secure devices, e.g. in supermarkets and department stores, recognizable by the antennas installed at the cash or exit of the stores. Therefore, transponders are tagged to the product and activate a signal at the exit of the store when moving into the reception area of a reading device, unless the RFID tag has been deactivated or removed and kept for further reuse 1 A detailed survey of different RFID applications is given by Schoblick and Schoblick (2005), Finkenzeller (2003), and Schneider (2004).
HANDBOOK 2 SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION after successful payment for the product. For this application a simple 1-bit transponder distinguishes between two states which are necessary for the theft-secure: localization of the tag within or outside reading range. In contrast to conventional Auto-ID Systems (e.g. Bar Code), RFID bears the following advantages (Jaselskis et al., 1995): - Less contact, non line-of-sight identification of objects over long distances, - Bulk or mass identification, - Insensitivity of the transponders against moisture, dirt and abrasion, - Possibility to store larger amounts of data directly at the item, and - Possibility to write new data onto the chip of the transponder. Future Prospective on the Application of RFID in <strong>Construction</strong> While other industries shift towards the application of RFID to facilitate logistical and organizational processes, the construction industry is still lagging behind. However, Auto-ID systems and especially RFID offer enormous potential for the construction industry during all phases of the life cycle 2 . There is potential for, among others (König, 2009): - Improvement of internal and external production as well as logistic processes: improvement of communication and collaboration while simultaneously decreasing communication effort, simplified assignment of construction materials, components and equipment to projects, traceable material flow even during occupation of building, improved information exchange between suppliers and contractors, direct assignment of products to projects, information stored on product. - Increase in construction quality: unique identification and traceability of construction materials and components, tagging of deconstruction and recovery data to the product or component. - Improvement of jobsite security and healthcare: emergency alerts or machine switch offs in emergency zones, check of completeness of safety working clothing, coupling of operation permission for machines independent of permissions stored on RFID-tags in ID cards for construction workers. Hence, RFID can help increase service and performance levels of the construction industry. Therefore, different information occurring in the various stages of its life cycle need to be gathered in order to facilitate optimizing construction processes. Considering a building, objects for auto identification comprise all project resources except resources like know how and monetary flows. These resources are: - Labour, - Materials and components, and - Equipment. Thereby, the data occurring over the life cycle of a building (see Fig. 1) for these resources are for instance: - Labour: Personal data, such as name, date of birth, information on working status, and skills. - Materials and components: Master, producer and organizational data, such as the identity of the material or component in terms of a unique ID, characteristics of material, measures (master data), name of the manufacturer, date and place of manufacturing (manufacturer data), or date of delivery, maintenance intervals, maintenance, time and type of repair (organizational data). 2 A similar listing than the one introduced in the following can be found, for instance, in (Jaselskis and El- Misalami, 2003; Schneider, 2004). 153
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Industrialised, Integrated, Intelligent sustainable Construction - I3con

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