Industrialised, Integrated, Intelligent sustainable Construction - I3con

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SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION HANDBOOK 2 All the above mentioned issues are being demonstrated and investigated through a combination of full scale applications and laboratory tests. Another important outcome is the interface towards the end-user. It should be both versatile and simple to use. The different applications involve different types of end-users. For the management of civil structures the end-user is often highly skilled experts with experience from complicated structures and complicated links between structure, material and durability. For houses and indoor climate the end-user is often a person with some technical building background who is responsible for many housing units at the same time. For moisture and temperature of new concrete the end-user is contractors who are responsible for the processes on the building site. All of these applications are being developed under the auspices of SensoByg. 132 Conclusions Wireless sensor systems are being investigated in a Danish R&D project. Different applications are being demonstrated in full scale. The following applications are expected to become very beneficial to implement wireless monitoring: • Control of indoor climate in residential buildings. The risk of poor indoor climate is linked to the relative humidity of the indoor air combined with temperature. By monitoring over time and using practical experiences of growth of fungi the indoor climate is assessed and used as an indicator of indoor air quality. • Management of civil structures subject to aggressive environmental exposures. Operation and maintenance surveillance. Critical parts such as edge beams and waterproofing membranes have large potential for wireless monitoring in order to evaluate the need for repairs and refurbishment. The monitoring data will be part of the decision making process when prioritising between different structures. This could lead to better sustainability of our infrastructure due to a higher utilisation of the materials and exploitation of their full service life potential. • Control of moisture and drying out of newly cast concrete. Especially concrete floors to be covered with moisture sensitive flooring material are important to monitor in order to avoid moisture damage due to erroneous execution. Conventional moisture control is a lengthy process and the use of cast-in sensors would make this process much more operational in practice. Moisture related damage on new buildings is responsible for large costs, which are likely to be reduced significantly if monitoring is used on a larger scale than at present. A subject being considered is quality control of large concrete castings. Sensors being able to monitor and detect honeycombs, entrapped air and segregating concrete during casting could mean a large quality improvement of concrete structures in general. However, it was decided early on to omit this subject from the project since the available sensor technology is not advanced enough for this purpose. The project has identified several technical challenges, especially concerning installation and design of sensors to be used in the harsh environment of newly cast concrete. It is recognised that further development is needed before the right sensor design is available commercially. The key words for sensor design are price, size and service life. However, it is anticipated that suitable sensors are going to be available in due time and that the project is helping applications like the ones stated above to become realised in a not to far future. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the partners in SensoByg. See full list on www.sensobyg.dk. For the highway bridge monitoring the assistance of Ramboll and the Danish Road Directorate is gratefully acknowledged.
HANDBOOK 2 SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION References Grasley, Z.C., et al. (2006) Relative humidity in concrete, Concrete International, American Concrete Institute, October 2006, 51.57 Grosse, C.U., Kruger, M. and Glaser, S.D. (2006) Wireless Acoustic Emission Sensor Networks for Structural Health Monitoring in Civil Engineering. ECNDT 2006 Proceedings, Tu.1.7.3 Nielsen, C.V. (2007) Modeling the Heat Development of Concrete Associated with Cement Hydration. American Concrete Institute, Special Publication SP-241, 95-110 Nilsson, L.O. and Fredlund, P. (2009) Embedded sensors for moisture measurements, influence of sensor size and orientation. (in Swedish), Lund Technical University, TVBM-7198 Sjöberg, A. and Blomgren, J. (2004) Moisture Measuring with Wireless Sensors in the Building Industry. (in Swedish), Lund Technical University, TVBM-3123 Sjöberg, A., Blomgren, J., Erlandsson, M. and Johansson, C. (2007) Measuring with Wireless Sensors in the Building Industry – a field study. (in Swedish), Lund Technical University, TVBM-3139 Authors’ Biographies Claus V. Nielsen took his M.Sc. degree in structural engineering from Aalborg University in 1990 and a Ph.D. degree from Technical University of Denmark in 1995. He has worked in R&D related projects on fibre reinforced concrete, concrete and the environment. He has been at DTI since 2002. In 2000-2001 he held a Marie Curie Post-doc Fellowship at the University of Glasgow. Henrik E. Sørensen took his M.Sc. degree in chemical engineering in 1988 and his Ph.D degree in 1997. Both degrees from the Technical University of Denmark. His research interests include durability of concrete structures. He has been at DTI since 2005 where he is heading the team for condition surveying of structures. 133
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