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Considering this, we will now go from discussing stability and invulnerability—referringexclusively to the Nation-State—to emphasizing the freedom, rights and security of mankind,communities and the world, forcing scholars to think about, and weigh the possibility of, balancingnational interests with international obligations.However, the security issue is only part of the problem. From the very beginning of peaceoperations, it was understood that the security achieved after an intervention tended to disappearedif measures were not applied to create an acceptable and enduring environment, one that in turngenerated stability and security in the conflict zones. Peacekeeping must become Peacebuilding toaccomplish this end. Thus, integral security has long been a basic concept for all the participatingcountries 2 . In fact, international experience demonstrates that States which cooperate in a specificcountry for humanitarian reasons and under UN mandate should afterwards complement the peaceoperations of military forces with actions tending to settle the basic needs of the country’s population.To do this, expert personnel from state agencies and non-governmental agencies are dispatched toaccomplish these functions. Here, civil society, private sector and the business community can allplay a fundamental role.Peace operations as a wider concept represent much more than sending troops. Along with themission of enforcing peace and security, they also have a wider and more integral multidisciplinarycharacter, demanding challenges both from civilian and military people to act jointly and coordinatedin various multiple and complex tasks of future operations with the final goal of securing peace.Context of the Chilean ParticipationOne of the key principles that support Chile’s participation in the United Nations is the solidarity withwhich it is guided through concrete and coordinated actions taken at a global level. Chilean ForeignPolicy for security stems from a national interest orientation that looks for a great effect of a nationalpower able to grant effective multilateral action. Chile understands that its integral developmentdepends on the stability and security of its immediate geographical environment, as well as of thewhole world 3 .The above constitutes the fundamentals from which the principles that support Chilean actionin peace operations emerge and are understood as instruments to preserve international peace andsecurity. Therefore, as a contributing nation to international peace and stability, it has also evolvedin its relation to peace operations. Its participation with increased force levels has been graduallyencouraged, leading to finally the creation, in 2008, of a new policy framework conceived as aState Policy 4 in the Chilean Parliament, and further regulating the national participation in peaceoperations. In this sense, assuming a political leadership, a Peace Operations Commission composedof eight senators—both from the government and the opposition—was established. This Commissionpresented a final report that was passed unanimously in the Senate, and was then submitted by theExecutive Power as a bill to the Legislature.In order to reassert this position, the 2008 Chilean Peace Operation Law Nº20,297 states that:“The participation in Peace Operation grants Chile international status. Those operations makepossible Chilean participation in a multilateral environment that converges with other states for thepurpose of strengthening the conditions of international peace and stability that form part of ournational interest. Within this framework, the capability to be an agent of that convergence depends2David, C.-P. (2006). La Guerre et la Paix: Approches contemporaines de la sécurité et de la stratégie. Paris: Sciences Po.3Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores; www.minrel.cl. Política Exterior. (Foreign Policy Objectives): http://www.minrel.gov.cl/prontus_minrel/site/artic/20080802/pags/20080802193244.php4Editorial Jurídica de Chile. (1993). Constitución Política de la República de Chile 1980. (1980 Political Constitution of Chile). Santiago: EditorialJurídica de Chile.122Security and Defense Studies Review 2010 Fall-Winter Issue / Edicíón Otoño-Invierno 2010 / Edicão Outono-Inverno 2010 / Volume 11
partly on the existence of a state institutional structure able to turn diplomatic ability into influence,and also on the predisposition of the State to support this influence with forces integrated to aninternational deployment, plus the financial investment which contributes to its sustainability(…).” 5Since the solution to the Indian-Pakistani conflict in 1949, Chile has participated in UN peaceoperations in ways and modalities as required. Analysts have identified three phases in the evolutionof our participation:1. First Phase: As blue helmets in peacekeeping operations until 1990.2. Second Phase: As, from 1990, the use of forces separately contributed by the ArmedForces. This was the case in Iraq (1991) with Air Force personnel; in Cambodia (1992)with Navy personnel; and in East Timor (1999) with Army personnel.3. Third Phase: Where we are today, acting together in joint and combined operations.Today’s participation (third phase) is more complex and has also been addressed via cooperativemeans. Examples of this are the operations in Cyprus, Bosnia and Haiti. Evidently the current natureof these operations has required Chile to develop a cross-sectorial management capacity, forcing thedevelopment of a nationally integrated, multidisciplinary and highly-technical system which is stillin progress 6 .Additionally, a very important initiative in bilateral cooperation for peace was created byArgentina and Chile in 2005 for a Joint Combined Peacekeeping Force—“Southern Cross” —whichwill be ready in 2011 to be deployed for peace operations as a regional response to UN demands 7 .Thus, within this national strategy, National Power is linked to the collective effort of otherStates, with the goal of achieving greater regional and world stability. This challenge requires awillingness—in addition to well-prepared civilian, military and police means—in order to beaccomplished 8 .The participation in the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) is a clear signof how Chile, together with other nations such as Brazil, France, and Nepal, can commit themselveswith the UN to assist one of the poorest nations in the world, thus contributing to an improvedreconstruction and stabilization process of its democratic institutions and providing security toachieve a peaceful environment. At the same time, Chilean efforts reinforce and validate multilateralresponses to current and future crisis situations that threaten international peace and security.The Chilean Government—operating under then-President Lagos—as Head of a Non-StandingMember State of the Security Council made a decision to join UN efforts—together with Canada,the United States and France—to create the Multinational Interim Force in Haiti (MIFH). Within 72hours after the President made this decision, 331 troops of the Chilean Army’s Special Forces wereassigned to the Caribbean nation, adding to the 2,051 troops from the United States, 919 from Franceand 525 from Canada already on-site, and creating a total force of 3,824 international personnel.5Congreso Nacional de Chile. (13 de Diciembre de 2008). Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional. (Chilean National Congress Library). LEY NÚM.20.297 sobre Operaciones de Paz: (Peace Operations Law 20.297 from 2008 created as State Pollicy) http://www.leychile.cl/Consulta/Exportar?radioExportar=Normas&exportar_formato=pdf&nombrearchivo=LEY-20297_13-DIC-2008&exportar_con_notas_bcn=True&exportar_con_notas_originales=True&exportar_con_notas_al_pie=True&hddResultadoExportar=283311.2008-12-13.0.06John T. Fishel, A. S. (2008). Capacity Building for Peacekeeping. Washington D.C.: Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies; National DefenseUniversity7CECOPAC. Centro Conjunto para Operaciones de Paz de Chile. (Chilean Joint Training Center for Peace Operations). Fuerza de Paz ConjuntaCombinada “Cruz del Sur”: http://www.cecopac.cl/chile_en_opaz/cruz_del_sur.htm8Ministerio de Defensa Nacional. (2010). Libro de la Defensa Nacional de Chile. (Chilean White Paper, 2010) Santiago. http://www.defensa.cl/contenidos/libro-de-la-defensa-nacional-de-chile-2010Security and Defense Studies Review 2010 Fall-Winter Issue / Edicíón Otoño-Invierno 2010 / Edicão Outono-Inverno 2010 / Volume 11 123
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CommentariesSecurity Cooperation Be
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El espacio de las mujeres en las Fu
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La organización e institucionaliza
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encuentra altamente asociada al cam
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ministerial para la equidad de gén
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BibliografíaBarrancos, Dora (2007)
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Anexo IPaísIncorporación Femenina
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Anexo IIMujeres militares sudameric
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Todo un conjunto de cualidades, cap
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500 y durante la Batalla de Sarand
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miembros de la soberanía de la Nac
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10 de octubre de ese año, la Compa
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algunos barcos de apoyo para alberg
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1.75 metros de altura y como requis
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de producción sustituyendo al homb
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y sicológica, no sólo en los ámb
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La segunda etapa se caracterizó po
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Sin embargo, las preguntas acerca d
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La normativa vinculada con la asign
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conductas que pudieran encuadrarse
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Género en el marco de las Operacio
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ecordar que las ciencias sociales y
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56Security and Defense Studies Revi
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De ese modo nos encontramos con mod
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escala descendente de la oficialida
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del total. Debe destacarse que dent
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BibliografíaCarreiras, H.: Gender
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Tras la aprobación de esta histór
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Una vez aprobada la Resolución 132
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para designar asesores de género e
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offering insight into political ter
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goods, and skilled labor must all b
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country” like North Korea. To be
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views of women, in effect disabling
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Marine Col. William T. Hewes’ arg
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19. Hughes, Melanie M. (2007) “Un
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MacEoin. Commonweal 14: 8-11.This i
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37. Sans Echaìniz, María. (1992)
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47. Woodward, Rachel, and Patricia
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elucidativos das dificuldades que e
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of an integrated Canadian company i
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stated it would rightfully infringe
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First, through an examination of de
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impact on the reader, by acknowledg
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To the Editor:Kevin P. Newmeyer’s
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Whitney Hoft was a Center for Hemis
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The transformation of the role of w
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en Puerto Rico, esta soldada resume
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Deconstruyendo a Ollie: Cómo los c
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Center for Hemispheric Defense Stud
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