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NATURRÅDET / TEMARAPPORT / NATUR OG LANDBRUG 66 NATURE AND FARMING IN A EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE Heino von Meyer , consultant, Germany The Message With the Amsterdam Treaty, sustainable development has become a key objective of the European Union (EU). For nature conservation and agriculture this means that a new approach to rural development is needed, since rural areas cover three quarters of the land, and since agricultural policy is one of the most important EU policies, at least in budget terms. Although being a European and even a global concern, practical answers to the challenge of sustainable development can only be found through the encouragement of local/regional action on the ground. Age n d a 2000 is a first step in the right direction, but further, more courageous steps are required. Sustainable development Sustainable development is not an environmental policy objective alone. It requires balancing economic, social and environmental concerns. The latter cannot be considered as a matter of natural science only. Environmental quality is not just an issue of ecological integrity. Cultural identity must be taken into account, too. Environmental o b j e c t ives cannot be derived from scientific measurement. They require valuation based on cultural perceptions and societal preferences. With respect to agriculture and rural development these are presently undergoing fundamental changes, but also nature conservation has to reconsider its concepts and approaches (Figure 1). Integration Integration, the balancing of economic, social and environmental trade-offs and the identification of potential “win-win”-settings that could result in positive synergies, is a highly political c h a l l e n ge. Organising such democratic public choices requires careful analysis also of the institutional structures and procedures of governmental and non-governmental policy fo r m u l a t i o n and implementation. In a rural development context integration requires an approach that is territorial (locally based and area specific), multisectoral and multi-functional (reaching beyond traditional perspectives of farming), dynamic ( d r iven by longer-term considerations), and democratic (relying on participation and partnership in policy design and implementation). Territorial approach The need for a territorial approach to sustainable development is increasingly recognised, not least by the OECD, which has recently launched a new Ac t iv i ty on Territorial Indicators. A fe w results from this work may illustrate the need fo r greater sensitiv i ty to spatial div e r s i ty (OECD 1996). Of the total OECD population, 40% live in highly urbanised regions, which cover only 4% of the OECD’s land area. At the other extreme, 85% of the surface is occupied by only 28% of the OECD population. The remaining third of the population is concentrated on 10% of the land area. From these simple numbers it is obvious, that the economic, social and environmental challenges to sustainable development are not evenly spread. Territorial div e r s i ty needs to be taken into account, both in development analysis as well as in policy design and implementation (Figure 2). Rural employment Agriculture is no longer the driving force of rural development. Its economic and social importance is decreasing more and more. In most vil- • Heino von Meyer is Head of PRO RU RAL EUROPE research and consultancy, Hamburg. He works for international organisations such as the OECD and the EU Commission as well as for local initiatives and environmental NGOs.
| FIGURE 1 | Sustainable development The challenge of integrating economic, social, ecological and cultural concerns by democratic processes. NATURE AND FARMING IN A EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE / HEINO VON MEYER Territorial diversity Social equity I N T E Cultural identity Economic efficiency G R A T I O Ecological integrity Socio-economic structures + changes N Environmental state and impact | FIGURE 2 | Territorial Diversity Different spatial settings require area specific approaches to integration. Data source: OECD Territorial Development Service (TDS). Community and policy institutions and response Rural SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OECD Area and population by type of settlement 28% 86% Intermediate 32% 10% Urban 40% 4% % Population % Area OECD total = 100% 67
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NATUR OG LANDBRUG TEMARAPPORT NR. 1
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INDHOLD INTRODUKTION Forord _______
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FORORD af John Holten-Andersen, sek
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NATURRÅDET / TEMARAPPORT / NATUR O
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STATUS OVER SAMSPILLET MELLEM NATUR
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sandede jorder til l a n d b r u g
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Page 37 and 38: | TABEL 1 | Ændringer i udnyttelse
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Page 43 and 44: udtryk for erkendelsen af, at hvis
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Page 79 and 80: INTEGRATION AF NATUR OG MILJØ I LA
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Page 83 and 84: landbrugsreformen og miljøet. Land
Page 85 and 86: halv-naturarealerne, som er de ekst
Page 87 and 88: 4. Agenda 2000 Den nye reform blive
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Page 91 and 92: at man indenfor natur-landbrugspoli
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Page 101 and 102: Spørgsmål 18 Bor De nu på landet
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Page 107 and 108: Tabel 15 Spørgsmål 17: På landbr
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