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NATURRÅDET / TEMARAPPORT / NATUR OG LANDBRUG 74 The WTO context In this context it is important to keep in mind that by the end of this year a new round of international trade negotiations will be launched by the World Trade Organisation (WTO). Here, too, agricultural support mechanisms will come under review. The WTO distinguishes three different types of agricultural support: “Amber Box”: Including traditional measures of market and price support, which had to be reduced already under the present agreement. Here, further reductions will be required. “Blue Box”: In particular farm income compensation payments for agricultural policy reforms. Under the present agreement they are protected by a peace clause until 2003. Yet, they will be the main target for future reductions. “ G r een Box”: Includes measures that are fully decoupled and thus legitimised as permanent support mechanisms. They cover in particular a g r i - e nvironmental incentives and regionally targeted measures, such as support for areas facing specific handicaps. Shifting priorities If the EU agricultural budget is considered in this p e r s p e c t ive, significant changes can be observed having taken place over the last decade. Today, the c h a l l e n ge of Agenda 2000 is to launch yet another shift (Buckwell & Sotte 1997). In 1990, the greatest share of EU-agricultural expenditure wa s devoted to the regulation of agricultural markets and prices. Funds were used to finance intervention costs, stocking of surpluses, subsidies fo r export dumping. With the ‘92 reform a decoupling of price and income support has been achieved. Expenditure for market and price policies (amber box) were reduced and replaced by direct payments compensating for the income effects of the price cuts (blue box). In parallel, also other direct payments increased in importance, although at a much slower rate: The compensation payments for natural handicaps in less favoured and mountain areas (LFA), and the remunerations for positive environmental services provided by farmers under the agri-environmental regulation 2078/92 (green box). Finally, also the funding for rural development measures gained in importance, encompassing farm investment aid as well as measures supporting rural infrastructure improvement, and more broadly for the creation of new economic opportunities in rural areas, reaching beyond the agricultural sector (Figure 8). The next steps With Agenda 2000 this tendency should continue, but only in the short term: The costs of market and price policy should be further reduced, while compensation for price cuts will increase initially. In the longer term, however, these compensation payments will have to be reduced, not only due to WTO pressure on blue box payments, but also because their legitimation is fading away. It is thus crucial that with Age n d a 2000 new options are established to gradually shift future CAP expenditure towards green box compatible measures that can be defended both internally and internationally. In the present Agenda 2000 debate, many agricultural ministers, often impressed by the protests of traditional farm lobbies, are reluctant to prepare for such options. There is strong resistance to any attempt of broadening the sectoral focus of agricultural policy towards a more integrated rural development perspective, taking on board agri-environmental and nature conservation concerns. In particular, the Commission proposals to finance such measures from the G u a r a n t ee section of the European agricultural fund are strongly criticised. Here the Commission should be backed up by politicians and NGOs caring for env i r o n m e ntal and nature conservation concerns. If this is not achieved, there is a great risk that the means for promoting sustainable rural development will be lost entirely. We would all be losers, not only farmers, but rural Europe in general, its people, its landscapes, our common cultural and natural heritage.
NATURE AND FARMING IN A EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE / HEINO VON MEYER | FIGURE 8 | CAP Expenditure: Recent change and a WTO compatible scenario Source: EU Commission (1998), adjusted. Price compensation Market and price support Compensation for handicaps and agrienvironmental premia Rural A new policy for rural Europe We need an open public debate about the future of rural Europe today. Real progress towa r d s environmentally sound agriculture and sustainable rural land use will only be made, if the narr ow sectoral perspective is overcome and the concern for agri-environmental manage m e n t and improvement becomes an integrated element of broader rural development strategies. Farmers will continue to produce food, but socie ty is expecting much more than that. Ag r i c u l t u r e shares great responsibility for maintaining and developing the characteristic div e r s i ty of Eu r o p e ’ s rural areas and communities, the natural and cultural environment from which and in which we live. European agriculture has to respond to new societal demands and has to reconsider its output mix. Consumers demand not only cheap fo o d , but also quality of products and production. Europe’s citizens request unpolluted water, air and soils, they value rural amenities, like attractiv e landscapes and rich biodiv e r s i ty, and they are willing to pay a fair price. The responsibility for sustainable rural development cannot be left to fa r- 1990 1996 2000 2006 mers alone. All relevant societal stakeholders have to be involved in the design, implementation and monitoring of a new policy for rural Europe. References and further reading Baldock, D. (1990): “Agriculture and Habitat Loss in Europe”, WWF International CAP discussion Paper No. 3, Gland. Baldock. D., Beaufoy, G., Bennet, G. and Clark, J. (1993): “Nature Conservation and New Directions in The EC Common Agricultural Policy”. Institute for European Environmental Policy, London and Arnhem. Buller, H. (1992): “Agricultural change and the environment in Western Europe”. In: K. Hoggart (ed.) “Agricultural Changes, Environment and Economy”, London: Mansell, pp 68-88. Buckwell, A. and Sotte, F. (eds.) (1997): “Coltivare l’Europa - Per una nuova politica agricola e rurale comune”, Furturi 4, Licorno Editori, Roma, 231 pp. Bundesamt für Naturschutz (1996): “Daten zur Natur”, Bonn. Countryside Agency (1999): “The state of the countryside 1999”, Cheltenhan. ECNC (1999): “Facts & figures on Europe’s biodiversity”, Tilburg, 180 pp. Ellenberg, H. (1989): “Eutrophierung - das gravierendste Problem im Naturschutz”. In: Norddeutsche Natur- 75
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NATUR OG LANDBRUG TEMARAPPORT NR. 1
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INDHOLD INTRODUKTION Forord _______
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FORORD af John Holten-Andersen, sek
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NATURRÅDET / TEMARAPPORT / NATUR O
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STATUS OVER SAMSPILLET MELLEM NATUR
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sandede jorder til l a n d b r u g
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| FiGUR 2A | Frem til midten af 180
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| FIGUR 3 | Hede, krat, mose, eng A
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2. Markante skift i den generelle a
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statistiske registrering af disse a
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Page 83 and 84: landbrugsreformen og miljøet. Land
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Page 101 and 102: Spørgsmål 18 Bor De nu på landet
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Page 107 and 108: Tabel 15 Spørgsmål 17: På landbr
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