Advances in Fingerprint Technology.pdf

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ehavior of Ruhemann’s purple-metal complexes of various ninhydrin analogues. 157 As noted earlier, Joseph Almog reviewed this material in the previous edition 133 and presents the current information in Chapter 5 of this volume. Development of Latent Prints With Metal Ions/Compounds — Physical Developers Silver Nitrate Reagent Silver nitrate has been used for developing latent fingerprints since 1891. 1 The basic principle of this technique is the reaction of silver nitrate with the chloride present in the fingerprint deposit. The product of this reaction, silver chloride, rapidly turns black on exposure to light. However, because the procedure is cumbersome and the background can stain, this method is principally of historical interest today. Goode and Morris6 have suggested using a methanolic solution instead of the conventional aqueous solution. This method works well with latent prints on newspaper and untreated wood. However, silver nitrate reagent does not work well with physical evidence that has been stored or exposed to high humidity. Under conditions of high humidity, the chloride in the latent print deposit migrates by diffusion. Researchers have shown that significant deterioration occurs after 15 days at 60% relative humidity. Prints weakly developed with silver nitrate may be enhanced by further treatment with dilute physical developer. 9 Other Silver-Containing Compounds Kerr, Westland, and Haque158 have studied the perchlorate, tetrafluoroborate, and hexafluoroantimonate salts of silver as well as silver perchlorate/camphor as alternative reagents for silver nitrate solution. These compounds were effective, and the studies indicated that the silver salt reaction with the chloride in latent fingerprint residue was dependent on the microroughness of the surface. Physical Developer Physical developer enhancement is a photographic process based on the formation of silver onto a latent fingerprint image from a ferrous/ferric redox couple and metal salt mixture. Goode and Morris 6 have reviewed the early work on techniques using “stabilized” physical developer 31 and found that physical developer reacts with lipid material present in the fingerprint residue. The technique has been used to develop latent prints on paper, nonabsorbent
surfaces, and pressure-sensitive tapes. It also can be used on objects after ninhydrin processing. 6 Phillips, Cole, and Jones 159 reported that, in actual casework in the FBI Latent Fingerprint Section, identifiable latent prints that did not develop with ninhydrin were developed on 20% of the specimens processed with physical developer (PD). They also found latent prints on postage stamps, the adhesive strip on the closure flaps of envelopes, adhesive tapes, the emulsion side of photographs, and U.S. currency. The following is a simplified version of the procedure reported by them. Reagents Prewash solution Maleic acid 25 g Distilled water 1 L Redox solution Ferric nitrate 30 g Ammonium ferrous sulfate 80 g Citric acid 20 g Distilled water 900 mL Surfactant solution n-Dodecylamine acetate 3 g Synperonic N 4 g Distilled water 1 L Silver nitrate solution Silver nitrate 10 g Distilled water 50 mL Note: PD working solution: mix 900 mL redox solution, 40 mL surfactant solution, and 50 mL silver nitrate solution. Procedures 1. Immerse specimen in maleic acid solution for at least 5 min. 2. Transfer the specimen from the prewash solution to the PD working solution. 3. Submerge the specimen in PD working solution for approximately 5 min with a gentle rocking (as long as it takes to develop, but not overdevelop, prints).
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Advances in Advances Fingerprint Te
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Advances in Fingerprint Technology
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Preface The first edition of this b
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Acknowledgments We gratefully ackno
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Table of Contents Preface Acknowled
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History and Development of Fingerpr
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Figure 1.2 Basic fingerprint patter
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Figure 1.3 Portion of the prehensil
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Figure 1.4 Elliptical whorl. Theory
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The bricks, carefully laid and accu
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the megalithic builders, including
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made most of them. These “identif
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Figure 1.6 Nehemiah Grew. (Drawn by
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Figure 1.7 Right palm imprint in pl
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By kindly words of persuasion a ref
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Loop: Now if this oblique stripe by
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Figure 1.11 Dr. Ivan Vucetich. (Dra
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Sir Edward Henry and Sir William He
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in charge he undoubtedly supported
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1. Finding finger imprints on prehi
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Faulds edited seven issues of a fin
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much of his inspired research. For
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to the unrelenting efforts of Steeg
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and gathered around him a nucleus o
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I find that portions of palm imprin
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Identification of Latent Prints ROB
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Without it, no amount of further la
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work will quite often fare badly un
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Figure 2.3 Polygon method. Overlay
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Experience and Skill Although the t
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The initial identification of the l
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D5 D6 D7 I2 D8 D9 D10 No No No Reco
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D11 I4 No D12 D11 I5 D12-1 D7 D12-2
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D14 I7 D16 C3 D11 D14-2 D7 D14-3 C2
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Figure 2.7 Example of pressure dist
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9. Mairs, G., Novel method of print
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DNA From Latent Prints DNA From Blo
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Figure 3.1 A schematic diagram show
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Figure 3.3 A schematic diagram of t
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(5 to 12 µg/L), bromide (0.2 to 0.
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electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) include
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Table 3.3 Anatomical Variation in t
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Various oxidative and bacteriologic
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acid content can change with time i
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are of sebaceous origin. 82 Approxi
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Table 3.7 Changes in Surface Lipid
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gland’s activity. The more active
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Page 100 and 101: Figure 3.4a A chromatogram of a fin
Page 102 and 103: various lipid classes found in a la
Page 104 and 105: of DNA using RFLP. 130 No adverse e
Page 106 and 107: was later found to be caused by the
Page 108 and 109: 17. Seutter, E., Goedhart-De Groot,
Page 110 and 111: 52. Downing, D. T., Strauss, J. S.,
Page 112 and 113: 85. Summerly, R., Yardley, H. J., R
Page 114 and 115: 120. Duff, J. M. and Menzel, E. R.,
Page 116 and 117: 149. Kloosterman, A., Application o
Page 118 and 119: Coumarin 540 Dye Staining Method An
Page 120 and 121: visualization of latent fingerprint
Page 122 and 123: White powder Dolomite, starch powde
Page 124 and 125: Fluorescein solution (in methanol/w
Page 126 and 127: Notes: Dissolve the MoS 2 in the di
Page 128 and 129: 4. Avoid inhaling any iodine fumes
Page 130 and 131: CN CN CN A - A - CH2 C COOR CH2 C C
Page 132 and 133: Large vacuum chambers for processin
Page 134 and 135: Gentian Violet Solution — Non-Phe
Page 136 and 137: Table 4.1 Approximate Absorption an
Page 138 and 139: and recorded by autoradiography. Ni
Page 140 and 141: Ninhydrin solutions may be applied
Page 142 and 143: of development of ninhydrin-treated
Page 144 and 145: and certain nonreactive surface mat
Page 146 and 147: Procedure Xylene 50 mL Petroleum et
Page 150 and 151: 4. Rinse the specimen in tap water.
Page 152 and 153: een treated with ninhydrin. In addi
Page 154 and 155: Working solution Stock solution 6 m
Page 156 and 157: Note: Combine and stir until citric
Page 158 and 159: Zauner 181 noted that on a rare occ
Page 160 and 161: 3. Expose the tape surface to a hig
Page 162 and 163: lifting media were used, followed b
Page 164 and 165: under certain circumstances. The Br
Page 166 and 167: Physical Methods Visual Examination
Page 168 and 169: DRY Super Glue Fuming Powder Dustin
Page 170 and 171: Visual Examination Photography Iodi
Page 172 and 173: References 1. Olsen, R. D., Scott
Page 174 and 175: 36. Springer, E. and Bergman, P., A
Page 176 and 177: 74. McCarthy, M. M., Evaluation of
Page 178 and 179: 110. Mooney, D. G., Development of
Page 180 and 181: 142. Pounds, C. A., Grigg, R., and
Page 182 and 183: 175. Jones, R. J. and Pounds, C. A.
Page 184 and 185: 213. Hebrard, J. and Donche, A., Fi
Page 186 and 187: 245. Misner, A., Wilkinson, D., and
Page 188 and 189: Fingerprint Development by Ninhydri
Page 190 and 191: Figure 5.1 2,2-Dihydroxy-1,3-indane
Page 192 and 193: Figure 5.4 Formation of murexide (V
Page 194 and 195: Figure 5.6 The 1,3-dipole form of t
Page 196 and 197: less volatile 1,1,2-trichloroethane
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Key to Routes Primary Special Secon
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Specially designed cabinets for che
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the importance of cooling the objec
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Figure 5.10 Ninhydrin (I) and some
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een prepared and evaluated as finge
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Figure 5.14 The red pigment formed
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Figure 5.16 The fluorescent product
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16. Pounds, C.A. and Jones, R.J., P
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51. Jungbluth, W.O., Replacement fo
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87. Kent, T., An operational guide
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116. Kobus, H.J., Pigou, P.E., Dell
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147. Dayan, S., Almog, J., Khodzhae
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Figure 6.1 Ninhydrin/ZnCl 2 vs. nin
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purposes of understanding their pho
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Ar-laser image monitor lens light c
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laser Figure 6.6 Block diagram of p
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step 1 step 2 step 3 fingerprint co
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nanocrystals. Photoluminescent semi
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Figure 6.11 Photoluminescence of fi
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H H H H N N CH2CH2 CH2CH2 H N N H N
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sample, rather than preferential ad
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O R C OH + R' NH2 R C Figure 6.16 G
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The amidation reaction depicted in
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R 1 - COOH + HO - N R 1 O C N H Fig
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29. Sooklal, K., Hanus, L.H., Ploeh
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Procedure Water and Acid Pretreatme
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The Silver Physical Development Pro
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(in the emulsion) the silver and si
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ions (found only on paper that has
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as that of print residue on porous
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+ + + + + + + Cit 3- Cit 3- Cit 3-
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Saunders. 22 Both workers recognize
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Figure 7.2 Scanning electron micros
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paper and these convert to ferric o
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Water and Acid Pretreatments The wa
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Figure 7.4 Comparison of a ninhydri
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Figure 7.7 Comparison of a ninhydri
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(0.2%) to not form silver oxide whe
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X-Ray and Scanning Electron Microsc
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is much to be done to optimize the
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3. Margot, P. and Lennard, C., Fing
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35. Morris, J.R. and Wells, J.M., A
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Introduction More than a century ha
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False Reject Rate (FRR) Civilian Ap
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Fingerprint Quality Acquisition Est
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finger gets mapped onto the two-dim
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 8.3 Fingerprint
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In forensics, a special kind of ink
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L A B (a) Finger Friction Surface R
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Fingerprint Representation A finger
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(a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 8.8 A finger
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Figure 8.10 Relative configuration
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A minutiae feature extractor finds
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depicting a ridge in the fingerprin
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1. Singular points. The Poincare in
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Table 8.2 shows the results of the
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(a) (b) Figure 8.13 Two different i
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ox size is adjusted based on the es
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(a) (b) Figure 8.16 Fingerprinting
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0.5 -0.5 -1 200 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 1
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andpass filters and extracts ridges
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(a) (b) Figure 8.19 Examples of enh
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A significant implication of the ab
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or otherwise. Therefore, there are
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Conclusions and Future Prospects Fi
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WSQ-related illustrations (Figure 8
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37. Siemens. The ID Mouse from Siem
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69. L. Hong, A. Jain, and S. Pankan
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Trauring Model (1963) Description o
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correspondence in friction ridge de
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extreme variability of friction rid
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5. Trauring 19 6. Kingston 20 7. Os
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variation need have no relationship
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1. Fork directed to the right 2. Fo
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e closer to reality. In any case, t
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There is not only opportunity for c
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that, in practice, it is relative d
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e the probability that there will b
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Correction factors (G) were introdu
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fingerprint individuality into two
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appreciated that the number of tria
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a corresponding reference point is
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Table 9.1 Kingston’s Relative Fre
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minutia counts in different-sized r
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If one is to use the compound forms
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Osterburg Model (1977-1980) Descrip
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of any occurrences that appear in t
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minutiae. Both the Kingston and Ost
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minutia orientation results in regi
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Orientation for minutiae was define
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the allowable combinations of minut
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selected for the study, based on th
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Table 9.4 Champod’s Upper Bound F
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that Champod and Margot proved to b
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fingerprint was isolated. This area
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that, for the experiments as design
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can be encouraged by the dedication
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37. Amy, L., Valeur de la preuve en
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The Expert Fingerprint Witness ROBE
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Qualifications of the Fingerprint E
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7. Results of comparisons conducted
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granted for a pretrial conference,
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any examination that I have conduct
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to fully understand the meaning of
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When seated in the witness stand, t
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jury but looked down at the floor i
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Courtroom Courtesy When in court, i
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If the attorney does not have the p
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Glossary of Commonly Used Courtroom
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Indictment An accusation in writing
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APPENDIX Daubert Hearings EDWARD GE
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The U.S. Government set presented e
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Presided over by the Honorable J. C
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