Advances in Fingerprint Technology.pdf

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that, in practice, it is relative distances between minutiae that one compares, and that the criteria for correspondence among minutia positions varies with the distance between them. Stated differently, minutiae on neighboring ridges will show comparatively less variation in relative position than will minutiae separated by several ridges. These observations help characterize the complexity of the problem but they do not diminish its fundamental importance. By sidestepping the issue of resolution, Roxburgh weakened his model. This weakness, however, is overshadowed by the ingenuity that Roxburgh showed when he refined his model. He first considered correlation of minutiae. Although he “eyeballed” the lack of correlation among successive ridge counts and among minutia types, his observations had an experimental basis and are distinguished as the first (and nearly only) consideration of correlation among minutiae. Roxburgh did find a correlation among minutia orientations, a correlation he attributed to the generally observed divergence of ridges at the fingertips. A somewhat crude over-correction was made for this correlation: Roxburgh simply assumed that the correlation for all types and orientations of minutiae was equal to the maximum that he had observed among all the various combinations. Roxburgh next considered the effect of print quality on connective ambiguity. Galton 36 discussed connective ambiguity and undoubtedly made allowances for it when he judged his ability to guess ridge structures. Roxburgh, however, was the first to make specific allowance for connective ambiguity and to link the allowance to print quality. Print quality has a direct influence on how much connective ambiguity is allowable. Even in excellent prints, an occasional minutia will exhibit variability in recording. The presence of more than a few would warrant suspicion of nonidentity. In poorly recorded prints, however, one must allow this variation in virtually all minutiae. In this extreme, we know only that a new ridge appears in a given location. The three possible minutiae that could produce the ridge account for Roxburgh’s correction factor Q = 3. Roxburgh’s last refinement of his model was an assessment of the uncertainty of the position of an entire minutia configuration within the overall pattern. Roxburgh observed that when one does not have a clearly defined reference point, such as a pattern core, one can make several positionings in an attempt to find a corresponding minutia configuration. The absence of a reference point thus increases the possibility of chance correspondence by a factor equal to the number of possible positionings. In hindsight, this point is obvious and simply amounts to an observation that there are several opportunities for a particular event to occur. Of the remaining fingerprint models, only those of Amy and Osterburg incorporate this important feature (although it is considered by Stoney and by Champod).
Amy Model (1946–1948) Description of the Amy Model Amy18 defined two general contributions to fingerprint individuality: variability in minutia type (his facteur d’alternance) and variability in number and position of minutiae (his facteur topologique). Variability in Minutia Type Amy assumed the same possible minutia types as did both Balthazard and Roxburgh: minutiae could be either forks or ending ridges and could have one of two opposite orientations. Using a database of 100 fingerprints, Amy determined that the relative frequencies of forks and ending ridges were 0.40 and 0.60, respectively. He also noted that divergence or convergence of ridges was very common; and that when this occurs, there is an excess of minutiae with one orientation. Amy estimated a frequency of 0.75 for minutiae with one orientation and a frequency of 0.25 for minutiae with the opposite orientation. With F1 forks and E1 ending ridges in one direction, and F2 forks and E2 ending ridges in the other, Amy calculated the probability of a particular ordering (A1) using Equation (9.11), which reduces to Equation (9.12): P(Al) = [(0.75) 0.4] F1 [(0.25) 0.4] F2 [(0.75) 0.6] E1 [(0.25) 0.6] E2 (9.11) P(Al) = (0.3) FI (0.1) F2 (0.45) E1 (0.l5) E2 (9.12) Amy pointed out that in the general case, one does not know the absolute orientation of the minutia configuration. Accordingly, a probability with the reversed orientations must also be considered and made part of the calculation. Thus, P(A2) is given by Equation (9.13): P(A2) = (0.3) F2 (0.l) F1 (0.45) E2 (0.l5) E1 (9.13) The total probability of the ordering of the minutia configuration (Amy’s facteur d’alternance) is given by P(Al) + P(A2), which reduces to Equation (9.14): P(A) = (0.1) F1+F2 (0.l5) F1+E2 [3 (F1+E1) + 3 (F2+E2) ] (9.14) Variation in Number and Position of Minutiae Amy next considered the variation in number and position of minutiae. Consider a square patch of ridges, n ridge interval units on a side. Let P(L)
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Advances in Advances Fingerprint Te
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Advances in Fingerprint Technology
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Preface The first edition of this b
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Acknowledgments We gratefully ackno
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Table of Contents Preface Acknowled
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History and Development of Fingerpr
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Figure 1.2 Basic fingerprint patter
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Figure 1.3 Portion of the prehensil
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Figure 1.4 Elliptical whorl. Theory
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The bricks, carefully laid and accu
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the megalithic builders, including
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made most of them. These “identif
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Figure 1.6 Nehemiah Grew. (Drawn by
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Figure 1.7 Right palm imprint in pl
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By kindly words of persuasion a ref
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Loop: Now if this oblique stripe by
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Figure 1.11 Dr. Ivan Vucetich. (Dra
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Sir Edward Henry and Sir William He
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in charge he undoubtedly supported
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1. Finding finger imprints on prehi
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Faulds edited seven issues of a fin
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much of his inspired research. For
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to the unrelenting efforts of Steeg
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and gathered around him a nucleus o
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I find that portions of palm imprin
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Identification of Latent Prints ROB
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Without it, no amount of further la
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work will quite often fare badly un
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Figure 2.3 Polygon method. Overlay
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Experience and Skill Although the t
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The initial identification of the l
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D5 D6 D7 I2 D8 D9 D10 No No No Reco
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D11 I4 No D12 D11 I5 D12-1 D7 D12-2
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D14 I7 D16 C3 D11 D14-2 D7 D14-3 C2
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Figure 2.7 Example of pressure dist
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9. Mairs, G., Novel method of print
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DNA From Latent Prints DNA From Blo
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Figure 3.1 A schematic diagram show
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Figure 3.3 A schematic diagram of t
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(5 to 12 µg/L), bromide (0.2 to 0.
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electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) include
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Table 3.3 Anatomical Variation in t
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Various oxidative and bacteriologic
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acid content can change with time i
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are of sebaceous origin. 82 Approxi
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Table 3.7 Changes in Surface Lipid
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gland’s activity. The more active
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content. 108 Palmitic acid was foun
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Figure 3.4a A chromatogram of a fin
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various lipid classes found in a la
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of DNA using RFLP. 130 No adverse e
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was later found to be caused by the
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17. Seutter, E., Goedhart-De Groot,
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52. Downing, D. T., Strauss, J. S.,
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85. Summerly, R., Yardley, H. J., R
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120. Duff, J. M. and Menzel, E. R.,
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149. Kloosterman, A., Application o
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Coumarin 540 Dye Staining Method An
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visualization of latent fingerprint
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White powder Dolomite, starch powde
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Fluorescein solution (in methanol/w
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Notes: Dissolve the MoS 2 in the di
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4. Avoid inhaling any iodine fumes
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CN CN CN A - A - CH2 C COOR CH2 C C
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Large vacuum chambers for processin
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Gentian Violet Solution — Non-Phe
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Table 4.1 Approximate Absorption an
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and recorded by autoradiography. Ni
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Ninhydrin solutions may be applied
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of development of ninhydrin-treated
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and certain nonreactive surface mat
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Procedure Xylene 50 mL Petroleum et
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ehavior of Ruhemann’s purple-meta
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4. Rinse the specimen in tap water.
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een treated with ninhydrin. In addi
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Working solution Stock solution 6 m
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Note: Combine and stir until citric
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Zauner 181 noted that on a rare occ
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3. Expose the tape surface to a hig
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lifting media were used, followed b
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under certain circumstances. The Br
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Physical Methods Visual Examination
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DRY Super Glue Fuming Powder Dustin
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Visual Examination Photography Iodi
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References 1. Olsen, R. D., Scott
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36. Springer, E. and Bergman, P., A
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74. McCarthy, M. M., Evaluation of
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110. Mooney, D. G., Development of
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142. Pounds, C. A., Grigg, R., and
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175. Jones, R. J. and Pounds, C. A.
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213. Hebrard, J. and Donche, A., Fi
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245. Misner, A., Wilkinson, D., and
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Fingerprint Development by Ninhydri
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Figure 5.1 2,2-Dihydroxy-1,3-indane
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Figure 5.4 Formation of murexide (V
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Figure 5.6 The 1,3-dipole form of t
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less volatile 1,1,2-trichloroethane
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Key to Routes Primary Special Secon
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Specially designed cabinets for che
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the importance of cooling the objec
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Figure 5.10 Ninhydrin (I) and some
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een prepared and evaluated as finge
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Figure 5.14 The red pigment formed
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Figure 5.16 The fluorescent product
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16. Pounds, C.A. and Jones, R.J., P
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51. Jungbluth, W.O., Replacement fo
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87. Kent, T., An operational guide
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116. Kobus, H.J., Pigou, P.E., Dell
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147. Dayan, S., Almog, J., Khodzhae
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Figure 6.1 Ninhydrin/ZnCl 2 vs. nin
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purposes of understanding their pho
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Ar-laser image monitor lens light c
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laser Figure 6.6 Block diagram of p
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step 1 step 2 step 3 fingerprint co
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nanocrystals. Photoluminescent semi
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Figure 6.11 Photoluminescence of fi
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H H H H N N CH2CH2 CH2CH2 H N N H N
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sample, rather than preferential ad
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O R C OH + R' NH2 R C Figure 6.16 G
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The amidation reaction depicted in
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R 1 - COOH + HO - N R 1 O C N H Fig
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29. Sooklal, K., Hanus, L.H., Ploeh
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Procedure Water and Acid Pretreatme
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The Silver Physical Development Pro
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(in the emulsion) the silver and si
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ions (found only on paper that has
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as that of print residue on porous
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+ + + + + + + Cit 3- Cit 3- Cit 3-
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Saunders. 22 Both workers recognize
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Figure 7.2 Scanning electron micros
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paper and these convert to ferric o
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Water and Acid Pretreatments The wa
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Figure 7.4 Comparison of a ninhydri
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Figure 7.7 Comparison of a ninhydri
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(0.2%) to not form silver oxide whe
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X-Ray and Scanning Electron Microsc
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is much to be done to optimize the
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3. Margot, P. and Lennard, C., Fing
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35. Morris, J.R. and Wells, J.M., A
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Introduction More than a century ha
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False Reject Rate (FRR) Civilian Ap
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Fingerprint Quality Acquisition Est
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finger gets mapped onto the two-dim
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 8.3 Fingerprint
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In forensics, a special kind of ink
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L A B (a) Finger Friction Surface R
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Fingerprint Representation A finger
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(a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 8.8 A finger
Page 304 and 305: Figure 8.10 Relative configuration
Page 306 and 307: A minutiae feature extractor finds
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Page 310 and 311: 1. Singular points. The Poincare in
Page 312 and 313: Table 8.2 shows the results of the
Page 314 and 315: (a) (b) Figure 8.13 Two different i
Page 316 and 317: ox size is adjusted based on the es
Page 318 and 319: (a) (b) Figure 8.16 Fingerprinting
Page 320 and 321: 0.5 -0.5 -1 200 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 1
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Page 324 and 325: (a) (b) Figure 8.19 Examples of enh
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Page 328 and 329: or otherwise. Therefore, there are
Page 330 and 331: Conclusions and Future Prospects Fi
Page 332 and 333: WSQ-related illustrations (Figure 8
Page 334 and 335: 37. Siemens. The ID Mouse from Siem
Page 336 and 337: 69. L. Hong, A. Jain, and S. Pankan
Page 338 and 339: Trauring Model (1963) Description o
Page 340 and 341: correspondence in friction ridge de
Page 342 and 343: extreme variability of friction rid
Page 344 and 345: 5. Trauring 19 6. Kingston 20 7. Os
Page 346 and 347: variation need have no relationship
Page 348 and 349: 1. Fork directed to the right 2. Fo
Page 350 and 351: e closer to reality. In any case, t
Page 352 and 353: There is not only opportunity for c
Page 356 and 357: e the probability that there will b
Page 358 and 359: Correction factors (G) were introdu
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Page 366 and 367: Table 9.1 Kingston’s Relative Fre
Page 368 and 369: minutia counts in different-sized r
Page 370 and 371: If one is to use the compound forms
Page 372 and 373: Osterburg Model (1977-1980) Descrip
Page 374 and 375: of any occurrences that appear in t
Page 376 and 377: minutiae. Both the Kingston and Ost
Page 378 and 379: minutia orientation results in regi
Page 380 and 381: Orientation for minutiae was define
Page 382 and 383: the allowable combinations of minut
Page 384 and 385: selected for the study, based on th
Page 386 and 387: Table 9.4 Champod’s Upper Bound F
Page 388 and 389: that Champod and Margot proved to b
Page 390 and 391: fingerprint was isolated. This area
Page 392 and 393: that, for the experiments as design
Page 394 and 395: can be encouraged by the dedication
Page 396 and 397: 37. Amy, L., Valeur de la preuve en
Page 398 and 399: The Expert Fingerprint Witness ROBE
Page 400 and 401: Qualifications of the Fingerprint E
Page 402 and 403: 7. Results of comparisons conducted
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granted for a pretrial conference,
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any examination that I have conduct
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to fully understand the meaning of
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When seated in the witness stand, t
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jury but looked down at the floor i
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Courtroom Courtesy When in court, i
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If the attorney does not have the p
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Glossary of Commonly Used Courtroom
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Indictment An accusation in writing
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APPENDIX Daubert Hearings EDWARD GE
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The U.S. Government set presented e
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Presided over by the Honorable J. C
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