Advances in Fingerprint Technology.pdf

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appreciated that the number of trials defined by the suspect population is the relevant quantity. Trauring Model (1963) Description of the Trauring Model Trauring19 estimated the chances of coincidental fingerprint association in connection with a proposed automatic identification system. The system is based on prior selection of reference minutiae on a finger and the recording of a number of test minutiae. Relative coordinates derived from the reference minutiae are used to describe the positions of the test minutiae. As proposed, the test minutiae appear within the triangular region described by the reference minutiae, and the approximate positions of the reference minutiae on the finger are known. Trauring made the following assumptions: • Minutiae are distributed randomly. • There are two minutia types: forks and ending ridges. • The two minutia types are equally likely to occur. • The two possible orientations of minutiae are equally likely to occur. • Minutia type, orientation, and position are independent variables. • For repeated registration of one individual’s finger, the uncertainty in the position of the test minutiae relative to the reference minutiae does not exceed 1.5 ridge intervals. Under these assumptions, the correspondence of a test minutia requires its presence within a circular region of radius 1.5 ridge intervals (area = 7.07 square ridge intervals). The chance of a minutia appearing in this region is equal to the minutia density (s) multiplied by the area. The minutia may be one of two equally likely types, and has one of two equally likely orientations. The probability of a corresponding test minutia, given acceptable reference minutiae, P(TM/RM), is therefore given by Equation (9.33). P(TM/RM) = (0.707)/(4s) = 0.07(s) (9.33) If the chance of encountering an acceptable set of reference minutiae on one finger is r, then each person has a (10 × r) probability that the reference minutiae will be present on one of their ten fingers. If the number of test minutiae is N, then the chance of random correspondence of any one of an individual’s fingers with a previously defined fingerprint is given by Equation (9.34).
P(corresponding individual) = (10r)(0.177s) N (9.34) Based on his observations of 20 fingerprints, Trauring found a maximum value of 0.11 for minutia density. He also estimated that the probability of correspondence of three randomly corresponding reference minutiae could be conservatively taken as 1/100. Substituting these values for s and r gives Equation (9.35). P(corresponding individual) = (0.1944) 10 (9.35) Discussion of the Trauring Model Trauring’s perspective differs somewhat from the other investigators; he developed his model not to study fingerprint individuality, but rather to estimate the ability of computerized optics to identify a particular finger. Our purpose here is to evaluate Trauring’s model as it applies to fingerprint individuality, a function for which it was not actually proposed. Automatic comparisons by computer favor the introduction of continuous rectangular coordinates. When fingerprints are compared manually, however, actual distances between minutiae are not compared; instead, ridge counts are made across ridges and relative distances are compared along ridges. It is understandable that for computerized recording and comparison of fingerprints, the ridge count might be dispensed with; in doing so, however, one departs from reality. Ridge count is an essential part of the actual identification criteria and its omission weakens Trauring’s model. Trauring’s model is similar to the Henry-Balthazard models, although better thought out. Trauring’s first five assumptions are identical to Balthazard’s and the result fits the Henry-Balthazard format (p = 0.4641 for the three reference minutiae and thereafter p = 0.1944). Trauring, however, laid a better foundation for his model. His derivation was based on consideration of minutia density, estimates of error in minutia positioning, and the concept of reference and test minutiae. Trauring shares some of the faults of the simple models; he assumed minutia types and orientations to be equally probable, and considered neither connective ambiguity nor correlation among minutiae. The most important feature of Trauring’s model is his concept of reference minutiae. Trauring used the locations of three reference minutiae to bring a finger into register. Positions of the remaining “test” minutiae were determined relative to these reference minutiae. In actual fingerprint comparison, a similar process is followed. A characteristic group of minutiae or a ridge pattern such as a loop or delta is used as a reference point, and a comparison with other prints begins by searching for this reference point. If N
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Advances in Advances Fingerprint Te
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Advances in Fingerprint Technology
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Preface The first edition of this b
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Acknowledgments We gratefully ackno
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Table of Contents Preface Acknowled
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History and Development of Fingerpr
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Figure 1.2 Basic fingerprint patter
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Figure 1.3 Portion of the prehensil
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Figure 1.4 Elliptical whorl. Theory
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The bricks, carefully laid and accu
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the megalithic builders, including
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made most of them. These “identif
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Figure 1.6 Nehemiah Grew. (Drawn by
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Figure 1.7 Right palm imprint in pl
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By kindly words of persuasion a ref
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Loop: Now if this oblique stripe by
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Figure 1.11 Dr. Ivan Vucetich. (Dra
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Sir Edward Henry and Sir William He
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in charge he undoubtedly supported
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1. Finding finger imprints on prehi
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Faulds edited seven issues of a fin
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much of his inspired research. For
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to the unrelenting efforts of Steeg
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and gathered around him a nucleus o
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I find that portions of palm imprin
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Identification of Latent Prints ROB
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Without it, no amount of further la
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work will quite often fare badly un
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Figure 2.3 Polygon method. Overlay
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Experience and Skill Although the t
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The initial identification of the l
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D5 D6 D7 I2 D8 D9 D10 No No No Reco
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D11 I4 No D12 D11 I5 D12-1 D7 D12-2
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D14 I7 D16 C3 D11 D14-2 D7 D14-3 C2
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Figure 2.7 Example of pressure dist
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9. Mairs, G., Novel method of print
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DNA From Latent Prints DNA From Blo
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Figure 3.1 A schematic diagram show
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Figure 3.3 A schematic diagram of t
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(5 to 12 µg/L), bromide (0.2 to 0.
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electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) include
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Table 3.3 Anatomical Variation in t
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Various oxidative and bacteriologic
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acid content can change with time i
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are of sebaceous origin. 82 Approxi
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Table 3.7 Changes in Surface Lipid
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gland’s activity. The more active
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content. 108 Palmitic acid was foun
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Figure 3.4a A chromatogram of a fin
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various lipid classes found in a la
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of DNA using RFLP. 130 No adverse e
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was later found to be caused by the
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17. Seutter, E., Goedhart-De Groot,
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52. Downing, D. T., Strauss, J. S.,
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85. Summerly, R., Yardley, H. J., R
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120. Duff, J. M. and Menzel, E. R.,
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149. Kloosterman, A., Application o
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Coumarin 540 Dye Staining Method An
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visualization of latent fingerprint
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White powder Dolomite, starch powde
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Fluorescein solution (in methanol/w
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Notes: Dissolve the MoS 2 in the di
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4. Avoid inhaling any iodine fumes
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CN CN CN A - A - CH2 C COOR CH2 C C
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Large vacuum chambers for processin
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Gentian Violet Solution — Non-Phe
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Table 4.1 Approximate Absorption an
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and recorded by autoradiography. Ni
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Ninhydrin solutions may be applied
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of development of ninhydrin-treated
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and certain nonreactive surface mat
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Procedure Xylene 50 mL Petroleum et
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ehavior of Ruhemann’s purple-meta
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4. Rinse the specimen in tap water.
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een treated with ninhydrin. In addi
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Working solution Stock solution 6 m
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Note: Combine and stir until citric
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Zauner 181 noted that on a rare occ
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3. Expose the tape surface to a hig
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lifting media were used, followed b
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under certain circumstances. The Br
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Physical Methods Visual Examination
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DRY Super Glue Fuming Powder Dustin
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Visual Examination Photography Iodi
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References 1. Olsen, R. D., Scott
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36. Springer, E. and Bergman, P., A
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74. McCarthy, M. M., Evaluation of
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110. Mooney, D. G., Development of
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142. Pounds, C. A., Grigg, R., and
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175. Jones, R. J. and Pounds, C. A.
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213. Hebrard, J. and Donche, A., Fi
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245. Misner, A., Wilkinson, D., and
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Fingerprint Development by Ninhydri
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Figure 5.1 2,2-Dihydroxy-1,3-indane
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Figure 5.4 Formation of murexide (V
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Figure 5.6 The 1,3-dipole form of t
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less volatile 1,1,2-trichloroethane
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Key to Routes Primary Special Secon
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Specially designed cabinets for che
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the importance of cooling the objec
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Figure 5.10 Ninhydrin (I) and some
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een prepared and evaluated as finge
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Figure 5.14 The red pigment formed
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Figure 5.16 The fluorescent product
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16. Pounds, C.A. and Jones, R.J., P
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51. Jungbluth, W.O., Replacement fo
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87. Kent, T., An operational guide
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116. Kobus, H.J., Pigou, P.E., Dell
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147. Dayan, S., Almog, J., Khodzhae
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Figure 6.1 Ninhydrin/ZnCl 2 vs. nin
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purposes of understanding their pho
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Ar-laser image monitor lens light c
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laser Figure 6.6 Block diagram of p
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step 1 step 2 step 3 fingerprint co
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nanocrystals. Photoluminescent semi
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Figure 6.11 Photoluminescence of fi
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H H H H N N CH2CH2 CH2CH2 H N N H N
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sample, rather than preferential ad
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O R C OH + R' NH2 R C Figure 6.16 G
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The amidation reaction depicted in
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R 1 - COOH + HO - N R 1 O C N H Fig
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29. Sooklal, K., Hanus, L.H., Ploeh
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Procedure Water and Acid Pretreatme
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The Silver Physical Development Pro
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(in the emulsion) the silver and si
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ions (found only on paper that has
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as that of print residue on porous
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+ + + + + + + Cit 3- Cit 3- Cit 3-
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Saunders. 22 Both workers recognize
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Figure 7.2 Scanning electron micros
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paper and these convert to ferric o
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Water and Acid Pretreatments The wa
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Figure 7.4 Comparison of a ninhydri
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Figure 7.7 Comparison of a ninhydri
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(0.2%) to not form silver oxide whe
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X-Ray and Scanning Electron Microsc
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is much to be done to optimize the
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3. Margot, P. and Lennard, C., Fing
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35. Morris, J.R. and Wells, J.M., A
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Introduction More than a century ha
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False Reject Rate (FRR) Civilian Ap
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Fingerprint Quality Acquisition Est
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finger gets mapped onto the two-dim
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 8.3 Fingerprint
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In forensics, a special kind of ink
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L A B (a) Finger Friction Surface R
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Fingerprint Representation A finger
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(a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 8.8 A finger
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Figure 8.10 Relative configuration
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A minutiae feature extractor finds
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depicting a ridge in the fingerprin
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1. Singular points. The Poincare in
Page 312 and 313: Table 8.2 shows the results of the
Page 314 and 315: (a) (b) Figure 8.13 Two different i
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Page 318 and 319: (a) (b) Figure 8.16 Fingerprinting
Page 320 and 321: 0.5 -0.5 -1 200 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 1
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Page 330 and 331: Conclusions and Future Prospects Fi
Page 332 and 333: WSQ-related illustrations (Figure 8
Page 334 and 335: 37. Siemens. The ID Mouse from Siem
Page 336 and 337: 69. L. Hong, A. Jain, and S. Pankan
Page 338 and 339: Trauring Model (1963) Description o
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Page 342 and 343: extreme variability of friction rid
Page 344 and 345: 5. Trauring 19 6. Kingston 20 7. Os
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Page 350 and 351: e closer to reality. In any case, t
Page 352 and 353: There is not only opportunity for c
Page 354 and 355: that, in practice, it is relative d
Page 356 and 357: e the probability that there will b
Page 358 and 359: Correction factors (G) were introdu
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Page 366 and 367: Table 9.1 Kingston’s Relative Fre
Page 368 and 369: minutia counts in different-sized r
Page 370 and 371: If one is to use the compound forms
Page 372 and 373: Osterburg Model (1977-1980) Descrip
Page 374 and 375: of any occurrences that appear in t
Page 376 and 377: minutiae. Both the Kingston and Ost
Page 378 and 379: minutia orientation results in regi
Page 380 and 381: Orientation for minutiae was define
Page 382 and 383: the allowable combinations of minut
Page 384 and 385: selected for the study, based on th
Page 386 and 387: Table 9.4 Champod’s Upper Bound F
Page 388 and 389: that Champod and Margot proved to b
Page 390 and 391: fingerprint was isolated. This area
Page 392 and 393: that, for the experiments as design
Page 394 and 395: can be encouraged by the dedication
Page 396 and 397: 37. Amy, L., Valeur de la preuve en
Page 398 and 399: The Expert Fingerprint Witness ROBE
Page 400 and 401: Qualifications of the Fingerprint E
Page 402 and 403: 7. Results of comparisons conducted
Page 404 and 405: granted for a pretrial conference,
Page 406 and 407: any examination that I have conduct
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Page 410 and 411: When seated in the witness stand, t
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jury but looked down at the floor i
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Courtroom Courtesy When in court, i
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If the attorney does not have the p
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Glossary of Commonly Used Courtroom
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Indictment An accusation in writing
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APPENDIX Daubert Hearings EDWARD GE
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The U.S. Government set presented e
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Presided over by the Honorable J. C
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