Advances in Fingerprint Technology.pdf

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5. Trauring 19 6. Kingston 20 7. Osterburg et al. 21 8. Stoney and Thornton 22,23 9. Champod 11,24 10. Meagher, Budowle, and Ziesig 25 Each of these models focuses on fingerprint minutiae. Alternative approaches based on the fingerprint pore structure are of corollary interest but are outside the scope of this chapter. Galton Model (1892) Description of the Galton Model Galton 14 made the first attempt to quantify fingerprint individuality. His approach was to divide a fingerprint into small regions, such that the ridge detail within each region could be treated as an independent variable. Galton worked with photographic enlargements of fingerprints. The enlargements were placed on the floor and paper squares of various sizes were allowed to fall haphazardly on the enlarged fingerprint. Galton then attempted to reconstruct the ridge detail that was masked by the paper squares, given the surrounding ridges. He sought the size of square region where he could successfully predict the actual ridge detail with a frequency of 1/2. Galton found that for a square region “six ridge intervals” on a side, he was able to correctly predict the hidden detail with a frequency of 1/3, and consequently concluded that a square region with five ridge intervals on a side was very nearly the size he was seeking. To ensure that any errors would overestimate the chance of fingerprint duplication, Galton used a six ridge interval square region and then assumed a probability of 1/2 for finding the existing minutiae configuration, given the surrounding ridges. The total area of a complete fingerprint was estimated to consist of 24 such square regions. Assuming independence among these regions, Galton calculated the probability of a specific fingerprint configuration, given the surrounding ridges, P(C/R), using Equation (9.1): P(C/R) = (1/2) 24 = 5.96 × 10 –8 (9.1) Galton next estimated the chance that a particular configuration of surrounding ridges would occur. Two factors were considered: (1) the occurrence of general fingerprint pattern type, and (2) the occurrence of the correct
number of ridges entering and exiting each of the 24 regions. Galton estimated the probability for coincidence of pattern type (termed Factor B by Galton) as 1/16, and the probability that the correct number of ridges would enter and exit each region (termed Factor C by Galton) as 1/256. The latter estimate was largely arbitrary, and both were presented by Galton as grossly overestimating the “true” probabilities. Combining the frequencies of finding the necessary ridge pattern outside the six ridge interval regions with the frequencies of finding all necessary ridge detail within the regions, Galton then predicted the probability of finding any given fingerprint, P(FP), using Equation (9.2): P(FP) = (1/16)(1/256)(1/2) 24 = 1.45 × 10 –11 (9.2) Assuming a world population of approximately 16 billion human fingers, Galton concluded that, given any particular finger, the odds of finding another finger that showed the same ridge detail would be approximately one in four (1/4). Discussion of the Galton Model Galton’s model has been criticized by Roxburgh, 26 by Pearson, 27 and Kingston. 9,28 Most of this criticism has focused on Galton’s basic assumption that, given the surrounding ridges, there is a probability of 1/2 for the occurrence of any particular ridge configuration in one of the six ridge interval regions. Pearson considered this assumption “drastic” and suggested an alternative approach for determining the probability of a particular configuration. Assuming that the position of a minutia can be resolved to within one square ridge interval, there would be 36 possible minutia locations within one of Galton’s regions. Assuming one minutia in each of 24 independent regions, Pearson calculated the probability of any given configuration using Equation (9.3): P(C/R) = (1/16)(1/256)(1/36) 24 = 1.09 × 10 –41 (9.3) Pearson noted that the actual probability would be smaller for two reasons: (1) because minutiae are not uniformly restricted to a single minutia in each Galton region, (2) because of variability in minutia type. Roxburgh’s criticism of Galton’s model 26 is more fundamental. He noted that Galton investigated only variation within single fingerprints, whereas his conclusions concerned variation among different fingerprints. This is a basic confusion by Galton of “within-group” and “between-group” variation. Roxburgh presented a series of illustrations showing that these two levels of
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Advances in Advances Fingerprint Te
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Advances in Fingerprint Technology
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Preface The first edition of this b
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Acknowledgments We gratefully ackno
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Table of Contents Preface Acknowled
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History and Development of Fingerpr
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Figure 1.2 Basic fingerprint patter
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Figure 1.3 Portion of the prehensil
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Figure 1.4 Elliptical whorl. Theory
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The bricks, carefully laid and accu
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the megalithic builders, including
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made most of them. These “identif
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Figure 1.6 Nehemiah Grew. (Drawn by
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Figure 1.7 Right palm imprint in pl
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By kindly words of persuasion a ref
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Loop: Now if this oblique stripe by
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Figure 1.11 Dr. Ivan Vucetich. (Dra
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Sir Edward Henry and Sir William He
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in charge he undoubtedly supported
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1. Finding finger imprints on prehi
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Faulds edited seven issues of a fin
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much of his inspired research. For
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to the unrelenting efforts of Steeg
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and gathered around him a nucleus o
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I find that portions of palm imprin
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Identification of Latent Prints ROB
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Without it, no amount of further la
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work will quite often fare badly un
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Figure 2.3 Polygon method. Overlay
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Experience and Skill Although the t
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The initial identification of the l
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D5 D6 D7 I2 D8 D9 D10 No No No Reco
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D11 I4 No D12 D11 I5 D12-1 D7 D12-2
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D14 I7 D16 C3 D11 D14-2 D7 D14-3 C2
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Figure 2.7 Example of pressure dist
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9. Mairs, G., Novel method of print
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DNA From Latent Prints DNA From Blo
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Figure 3.1 A schematic diagram show
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Figure 3.3 A schematic diagram of t
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(5 to 12 µg/L), bromide (0.2 to 0.
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electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) include
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Table 3.3 Anatomical Variation in t
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Various oxidative and bacteriologic
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acid content can change with time i
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are of sebaceous origin. 82 Approxi
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Table 3.7 Changes in Surface Lipid
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gland’s activity. The more active
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content. 108 Palmitic acid was foun
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Figure 3.4a A chromatogram of a fin
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various lipid classes found in a la
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of DNA using RFLP. 130 No adverse e
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was later found to be caused by the
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17. Seutter, E., Goedhart-De Groot,
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52. Downing, D. T., Strauss, J. S.,
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85. Summerly, R., Yardley, H. J., R
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120. Duff, J. M. and Menzel, E. R.,
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149. Kloosterman, A., Application o
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Coumarin 540 Dye Staining Method An
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visualization of latent fingerprint
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White powder Dolomite, starch powde
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Fluorescein solution (in methanol/w
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Notes: Dissolve the MoS 2 in the di
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4. Avoid inhaling any iodine fumes
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CN CN CN A - A - CH2 C COOR CH2 C C
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Large vacuum chambers for processin
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Gentian Violet Solution — Non-Phe
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Table 4.1 Approximate Absorption an
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and recorded by autoradiography. Ni
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Ninhydrin solutions may be applied
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of development of ninhydrin-treated
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and certain nonreactive surface mat
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Procedure Xylene 50 mL Petroleum et
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ehavior of Ruhemann’s purple-meta
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4. Rinse the specimen in tap water.
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een treated with ninhydrin. In addi
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Working solution Stock solution 6 m
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Note: Combine and stir until citric
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Zauner 181 noted that on a rare occ
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3. Expose the tape surface to a hig
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lifting media were used, followed b
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under certain circumstances. The Br
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Physical Methods Visual Examination
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DRY Super Glue Fuming Powder Dustin
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Visual Examination Photography Iodi
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References 1. Olsen, R. D., Scott
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36. Springer, E. and Bergman, P., A
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74. McCarthy, M. M., Evaluation of
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110. Mooney, D. G., Development of
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142. Pounds, C. A., Grigg, R., and
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175. Jones, R. J. and Pounds, C. A.
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213. Hebrard, J. and Donche, A., Fi
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245. Misner, A., Wilkinson, D., and
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Fingerprint Development by Ninhydri
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Figure 5.1 2,2-Dihydroxy-1,3-indane
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Figure 5.4 Formation of murexide (V
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Figure 5.6 The 1,3-dipole form of t
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less volatile 1,1,2-trichloroethane
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Key to Routes Primary Special Secon
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Specially designed cabinets for che
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the importance of cooling the objec
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Figure 5.10 Ninhydrin (I) and some
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een prepared and evaluated as finge
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Figure 5.14 The red pigment formed
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Figure 5.16 The fluorescent product
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16. Pounds, C.A. and Jones, R.J., P
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51. Jungbluth, W.O., Replacement fo
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87. Kent, T., An operational guide
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116. Kobus, H.J., Pigou, P.E., Dell
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147. Dayan, S., Almog, J., Khodzhae
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Figure 6.1 Ninhydrin/ZnCl 2 vs. nin
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purposes of understanding their pho
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Ar-laser image monitor lens light c
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laser Figure 6.6 Block diagram of p
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step 1 step 2 step 3 fingerprint co
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nanocrystals. Photoluminescent semi
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Figure 6.11 Photoluminescence of fi
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H H H H N N CH2CH2 CH2CH2 H N N H N
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sample, rather than preferential ad
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O R C OH + R' NH2 R C Figure 6.16 G
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The amidation reaction depicted in
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R 1 - COOH + HO - N R 1 O C N H Fig
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29. Sooklal, K., Hanus, L.H., Ploeh
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Procedure Water and Acid Pretreatme
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The Silver Physical Development Pro
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(in the emulsion) the silver and si
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ions (found only on paper that has
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as that of print residue on porous
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+ + + + + + + Cit 3- Cit 3- Cit 3-
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Saunders. 22 Both workers recognize
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Figure 7.2 Scanning electron micros
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paper and these convert to ferric o
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Water and Acid Pretreatments The wa
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Figure 7.4 Comparison of a ninhydri
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Figure 7.7 Comparison of a ninhydri
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(0.2%) to not form silver oxide whe
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X-Ray and Scanning Electron Microsc
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is much to be done to optimize the
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3. Margot, P. and Lennard, C., Fing
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35. Morris, J.R. and Wells, J.M., A
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Introduction More than a century ha
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False Reject Rate (FRR) Civilian Ap
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Fingerprint Quality Acquisition Est
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finger gets mapped onto the two-dim
Page 294 and 295: (a) (b) (c) Figure 8.3 Fingerprint
Page 296 and 297: In forensics, a special kind of ink
Page 298 and 299: L A B (a) Finger Friction Surface R
Page 300 and 301: Fingerprint Representation A finger
Page 302 and 303: (a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 8.8 A finger
Page 304 and 305: Figure 8.10 Relative configuration
Page 306 and 307: A minutiae feature extractor finds
Page 308 and 309: depicting a ridge in the fingerprin
Page 310 and 311: 1. Singular points. The Poincare in
Page 312 and 313: Table 8.2 shows the results of the
Page 314 and 315: (a) (b) Figure 8.13 Two different i
Page 316 and 317: ox size is adjusted based on the es
Page 318 and 319: (a) (b) Figure 8.16 Fingerprinting
Page 320 and 321: 0.5 -0.5 -1 200 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 1
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Page 324 and 325: (a) (b) Figure 8.19 Examples of enh
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Page 328 and 329: or otherwise. Therefore, there are
Page 330 and 331: Conclusions and Future Prospects Fi
Page 332 and 333: WSQ-related illustrations (Figure 8
Page 334 and 335: 37. Siemens. The ID Mouse from Siem
Page 336 and 337: 69. L. Hong, A. Jain, and S. Pankan
Page 338 and 339: Trauring Model (1963) Description o
Page 340 and 341: correspondence in friction ridge de
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Page 346 and 347: variation need have no relationship
Page 348 and 349: 1. Fork directed to the right 2. Fo
Page 350 and 351: e closer to reality. In any case, t
Page 352 and 353: There is not only opportunity for c
Page 354 and 355: that, in practice, it is relative d
Page 356 and 357: e the probability that there will b
Page 358 and 359: Correction factors (G) were introdu
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Page 366 and 367: Table 9.1 Kingston’s Relative Fre
Page 368 and 369: minutia counts in different-sized r
Page 370 and 371: If one is to use the compound forms
Page 372 and 373: Osterburg Model (1977-1980) Descrip
Page 374 and 375: of any occurrences that appear in t
Page 376 and 377: minutiae. Both the Kingston and Ost
Page 378 and 379: minutia orientation results in regi
Page 380 and 381: Orientation for minutiae was define
Page 382 and 383: the allowable combinations of minut
Page 384 and 385: selected for the study, based on th
Page 386 and 387: Table 9.4 Champod’s Upper Bound F
Page 388 and 389: that Champod and Margot proved to b
Page 390 and 391: fingerprint was isolated. This area
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can be encouraged by the dedication
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37. Amy, L., Valeur de la preuve en
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The Expert Fingerprint Witness ROBE
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Qualifications of the Fingerprint E
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7. Results of comparisons conducted
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granted for a pretrial conference,
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any examination that I have conduct
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to fully understand the meaning of
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When seated in the witness stand, t
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jury but looked down at the floor i
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Courtroom Courtesy When in court, i
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If the attorney does not have the p
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Glossary of Commonly Used Courtroom
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Indictment An accusation in writing
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APPENDIX Daubert Hearings EDWARD GE
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The U.S. Government set presented e
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Presided over by the Honorable J. C
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