Advances in Fingerprint Technology.pdf

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Trauring Model (1963) Description of the Trauring Model Discussion of the Trauring Model Kingston Model (1964) Description of the Kingston Model Probability of the Observed Number of Minutiae Probability of the Observed Positioning of Minutiae Probability of the Observed Minutiae Types Overall Probability of a Given Configuration Chances of False Association Discussion of the Kingston Model Osterburg Model (1977–1980) Description of the Osterburg Model Discussion of the Osterburg Model Stoney and Thornton Model (1985–1989) Model Features Proposed by Stoney and Thornton Ridge Structure and Description of Minutia Location Description of Minutia Distribution Orientation of Minutiae Variation in Minutia Type Variation among Prints from the Same Source Number of Positionings and Comparisons Description of the Stoney and Thornton Model Minutia Description and Survey Statistical Analysis and Findings Discussion of the Stoney and Thornton Model Champod and Margot Model (1995–1996) Description of the Champod and Margot Model Experimental Design Statistical Analysis and Findings Conclusion Discussion of the Champod and Margot Model Meagher, Budowle, and Ziesig Model (1999) Description of the Meagher, Budowle, and Ziesig Model The First Experiment, Based on Inter-comparing Records of Rolled Fingerprints The Second Experiment, Based on Comparing Subsets of the Records with the Same Complete Records Discussion of the Meagher, Budowle, and Ziesig Model Conclusions References
Introduction This chapter examines the underlying statistical basis for fingerprint comparisons and reviews the efforts that have been made to measure friction ridge variability as it relates to forensic comparison and identification of fingerprints. This chapter does not consider the foundational information that supports the practice of fingerprint identification. That is, the chapter does not review the embryology, comparative anatomy, and genetics of friction ridge skin. These well-developed areas of study do contribute essential information that establishes the feasibility and utility of fingerprint identifications, but they do not provide criteria for concluding that two fingerprints were made by the same finger. Neither does the long-standing practice and effectiveness of fingerprint evidence provide such criteria. This chapter is specifically concerned with the question: How much correspondence between two fingerprints is sufficient to conclude that they were both made by the same finger? The amount of correspondence has two dimensions: quantity and quality. Quantity itself includes two aspects. The first is how much of the skin surface is represented in the comparison; and the second is how many (and what kind of) details make up the correspondence. The dimension of quality in a fingerprint correspondence is determined by how clearly and accurately the skin surface is represented in the two prints. An adequate answer to the question posed in the preceding paragraph is not currently available. The best answer at present to the question, “How much is enough?” is that this is up to the individual expert fingerprint examiner to determine, based on that examiner’s training, skill, and experience. 1 Thus, we have an ill-defined, flexible, and explicitly subjective criterion for establishing a fingerprint identification. The need for a standard, objective criterion has itself been controversial because subjective methods have been so universally effective and accepted for so long. Even admitting the need, there is considerable difficulty in defining meaningful measurements for quality and quantity in fingerprint comparisons. This difficulty will become apparent in this review of the efforts that have been made. The chapter begins by looking at the foundational aspects and standards that are in place regarding the making of a fingerprint identification; that is, the criteria for establishing that two fingerprints were made by the same finger. Standards in Fingerprint Identification Any unbiased, intelligent assessment of fingerprint identification practices today reveals that there are, in reality, no standards. That is, the amount of
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Advances in Advances Fingerprint Te
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Advances in Fingerprint Technology
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Preface The first edition of this b
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Acknowledgments We gratefully ackno
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Table of Contents Preface Acknowled
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History and Development of Fingerpr
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Figure 1.2 Basic fingerprint patter
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Figure 1.3 Portion of the prehensil
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Figure 1.4 Elliptical whorl. Theory
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The bricks, carefully laid and accu
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the megalithic builders, including
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made most of them. These “identif
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Figure 1.6 Nehemiah Grew. (Drawn by
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Figure 1.7 Right palm imprint in pl
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By kindly words of persuasion a ref
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Loop: Now if this oblique stripe by
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Figure 1.11 Dr. Ivan Vucetich. (Dra
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Sir Edward Henry and Sir William He
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in charge he undoubtedly supported
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1. Finding finger imprints on prehi
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Faulds edited seven issues of a fin
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much of his inspired research. For
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to the unrelenting efforts of Steeg
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and gathered around him a nucleus o
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I find that portions of palm imprin
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Identification of Latent Prints ROB
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Without it, no amount of further la
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work will quite often fare badly un
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Figure 2.3 Polygon method. Overlay
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Experience and Skill Although the t
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The initial identification of the l
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D5 D6 D7 I2 D8 D9 D10 No No No Reco
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D11 I4 No D12 D11 I5 D12-1 D7 D12-2
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D14 I7 D16 C3 D11 D14-2 D7 D14-3 C2
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Figure 2.7 Example of pressure dist
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9. Mairs, G., Novel method of print
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DNA From Latent Prints DNA From Blo
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Figure 3.1 A schematic diagram show
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Figure 3.3 A schematic diagram of t
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(5 to 12 µg/L), bromide (0.2 to 0.
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electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) include
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Table 3.3 Anatomical Variation in t
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Various oxidative and bacteriologic
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acid content can change with time i
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are of sebaceous origin. 82 Approxi
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Table 3.7 Changes in Surface Lipid
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gland’s activity. The more active
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content. 108 Palmitic acid was foun
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Figure 3.4a A chromatogram of a fin
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various lipid classes found in a la
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of DNA using RFLP. 130 No adverse e
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was later found to be caused by the
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17. Seutter, E., Goedhart-De Groot,
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52. Downing, D. T., Strauss, J. S.,
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85. Summerly, R., Yardley, H. J., R
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120. Duff, J. M. and Menzel, E. R.,
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149. Kloosterman, A., Application o
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Coumarin 540 Dye Staining Method An
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visualization of latent fingerprint
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White powder Dolomite, starch powde
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Fluorescein solution (in methanol/w
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Notes: Dissolve the MoS 2 in the di
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4. Avoid inhaling any iodine fumes
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CN CN CN A - A - CH2 C COOR CH2 C C
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Large vacuum chambers for processin
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Gentian Violet Solution — Non-Phe
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Table 4.1 Approximate Absorption an
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and recorded by autoradiography. Ni
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Ninhydrin solutions may be applied
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of development of ninhydrin-treated
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and certain nonreactive surface mat
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Procedure Xylene 50 mL Petroleum et
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ehavior of Ruhemann’s purple-meta
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4. Rinse the specimen in tap water.
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een treated with ninhydrin. In addi
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Working solution Stock solution 6 m
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Note: Combine and stir until citric
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Zauner 181 noted that on a rare occ
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3. Expose the tape surface to a hig
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lifting media were used, followed b
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under certain circumstances. The Br
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Physical Methods Visual Examination
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DRY Super Glue Fuming Powder Dustin
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Visual Examination Photography Iodi
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References 1. Olsen, R. D., Scott
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36. Springer, E. and Bergman, P., A
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74. McCarthy, M. M., Evaluation of
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110. Mooney, D. G., Development of
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142. Pounds, C. A., Grigg, R., and
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175. Jones, R. J. and Pounds, C. A.
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213. Hebrard, J. and Donche, A., Fi
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245. Misner, A., Wilkinson, D., and
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Fingerprint Development by Ninhydri
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Figure 5.1 2,2-Dihydroxy-1,3-indane
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Figure 5.4 Formation of murexide (V
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Figure 5.6 The 1,3-dipole form of t
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less volatile 1,1,2-trichloroethane
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Key to Routes Primary Special Secon
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Specially designed cabinets for che
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the importance of cooling the objec
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Figure 5.10 Ninhydrin (I) and some
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een prepared and evaluated as finge
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Figure 5.14 The red pigment formed
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Figure 5.16 The fluorescent product
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16. Pounds, C.A. and Jones, R.J., P
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51. Jungbluth, W.O., Replacement fo
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87. Kent, T., An operational guide
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116. Kobus, H.J., Pigou, P.E., Dell
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147. Dayan, S., Almog, J., Khodzhae
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Figure 6.1 Ninhydrin/ZnCl 2 vs. nin
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purposes of understanding their pho
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Ar-laser image monitor lens light c
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laser Figure 6.6 Block diagram of p
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step 1 step 2 step 3 fingerprint co
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nanocrystals. Photoluminescent semi
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Figure 6.11 Photoluminescence of fi
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H H H H N N CH2CH2 CH2CH2 H N N H N
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sample, rather than preferential ad
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O R C OH + R' NH2 R C Figure 6.16 G
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The amidation reaction depicted in
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R 1 - COOH + HO - N R 1 O C N H Fig
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29. Sooklal, K., Hanus, L.H., Ploeh
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Procedure Water and Acid Pretreatme
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The Silver Physical Development Pro
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(in the emulsion) the silver and si
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ions (found only on paper that has
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as that of print residue on porous
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+ + + + + + + Cit 3- Cit 3- Cit 3-
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Saunders. 22 Both workers recognize
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Figure 7.2 Scanning electron micros
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paper and these convert to ferric o
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Water and Acid Pretreatments The wa
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Figure 7.4 Comparison of a ninhydri
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Figure 7.7 Comparison of a ninhydri
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(0.2%) to not form silver oxide whe
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X-Ray and Scanning Electron Microsc
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is much to be done to optimize the
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3. Margot, P. and Lennard, C., Fing
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35. Morris, J.R. and Wells, J.M., A
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Introduction More than a century ha
Page 288 and 289: False Reject Rate (FRR) Civilian Ap
Page 290 and 291: Fingerprint Quality Acquisition Est
Page 292 and 293: finger gets mapped onto the two-dim
Page 294 and 295: (a) (b) (c) Figure 8.3 Fingerprint
Page 296 and 297: In forensics, a special kind of ink
Page 298 and 299: L A B (a) Finger Friction Surface R
Page 300 and 301: Fingerprint Representation A finger
Page 302 and 303: (a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 8.8 A finger
Page 304 and 305: Figure 8.10 Relative configuration
Page 306 and 307: A minutiae feature extractor finds
Page 308 and 309: depicting a ridge in the fingerprin
Page 310 and 311: 1. Singular points. The Poincare in
Page 312 and 313: Table 8.2 shows the results of the
Page 314 and 315: (a) (b) Figure 8.13 Two different i
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Page 318 and 319: (a) (b) Figure 8.16 Fingerprinting
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Page 324 and 325: (a) (b) Figure 8.19 Examples of enh
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Page 330 and 331: Conclusions and Future Prospects Fi
Page 332 and 333: WSQ-related illustrations (Figure 8
Page 334 and 335: 37. Siemens. The ID Mouse from Siem
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Page 340 and 341: correspondence in friction ridge de
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Page 344 and 345: 5. Trauring 19 6. Kingston 20 7. Os
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Page 348 and 349: 1. Fork directed to the right 2. Fo
Page 350 and 351: e closer to reality. In any case, t
Page 352 and 353: There is not only opportunity for c
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Page 356 and 357: e the probability that there will b
Page 358 and 359: Correction factors (G) were introdu
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Page 366 and 367: Table 9.1 Kingston’s Relative Fre
Page 368 and 369: minutia counts in different-sized r
Page 370 and 371: If one is to use the compound forms
Page 372 and 373: Osterburg Model (1977-1980) Descrip
Page 374 and 375: of any occurrences that appear in t
Page 376 and 377: minutiae. Both the Kingston and Ost
Page 378 and 379: minutia orientation results in regi
Page 380 and 381: Orientation for minutiae was define
Page 382 and 383: the allowable combinations of minut
Page 384 and 385: selected for the study, based on th
Page 386 and 387: Table 9.4 Champod’s Upper Bound F
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that Champod and Margot proved to b
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fingerprint was isolated. This area
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that, for the experiments as design
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can be encouraged by the dedication
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37. Amy, L., Valeur de la preuve en
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The Expert Fingerprint Witness ROBE
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Qualifications of the Fingerprint E
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7. Results of comparisons conducted
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granted for a pretrial conference,
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any examination that I have conduct
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to fully understand the meaning of
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When seated in the witness stand, t
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jury but looked down at the floor i
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Courtroom Courtesy When in court, i
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If the attorney does not have the p
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Glossary of Commonly Used Courtroom
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Indictment An accusation in writing
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APPENDIX Daubert Hearings EDWARD GE
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The U.S. Government set presented e
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Presided over by the Honorable J. C
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