Advances in Fingerprint Technology.pdf

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Figure 6.1 Ninhydrin/ZnCl 2 vs. ninhydrin/InCl 3 fingerprint photoluminescence development. various fluorescent dusting powders had been developed. 2 Dye staining, first demonstrated in 1976, 1 came into its own in the early 1980s in concert with cyanoacrylate ester fuming. 3 This staining is today one of the most successful photoluminescence procedures for detection of fingerprints on smooth surfaces, regardless of the age of the fingerprint. Numerous staining dyes can be employed. The post-treatment of ninhydrin-developed latent fingerprints by zinc chloride, first reported in 1982, 4 made fingerprints on porous items (mostly paper) tractable as well, and is today quite routine. Sensitivity improvements to this procedure, involving ninhydrin analogs, notably benzo(f )ninhydrin 5 and 5-methoxyninhydrin 6 followed. The zinc chloride post-treatment of ninhydrin-processed fingerprints was until very recently unsurpassed in terms of the intensity of the obtained photoluminescence. However, recent work carried out in Japan has identified indium chloride as being superior. 7 The InCl 3 is used in the same way as ZnCl 2. Figure 6.1 depicts an example of the comparison of ZnCl 2 vs. InCl 3 treatment of a ninhydrinprocessed fingerprint. More intense luminescence can be obtained with GaCl 3 because Ga has a lower atomic number than In. However, GaCl 3 reacts fairly violently with water (which occurs in methanol that has been exposed to ambient air). Thus, GaCl 3 is not as practical as InCl 3. Diazafluore-9-one is a relatively recent reagent that can be used instead of ninhydrin/zinc chloride. 8 It is now routinely employed in a number of crime laboratories. With the above procedures, and a number of others for special situations, 9 photoluminescence detection of fingerprints has assumed a prominent place worldwide as a major routine methodology. Photoluminescence detection of latent
fingerprints has been instrumental in the solution of many major cases (e.g., Polly Klaas, Nightstalker). To the best of this author’s knowledge, laser detection holds the record for the oldest fingerprint developed and identified in a criminal case over 40 years old. 10 In the author’s laboratory, ridge detail of fingerprints dating back to the American Civil War has been developed by laser. The photoluminescence approach has found use also in other criminalistic applications, 9 such as document examination, fiber analysis, locating seminal fluid, and various instances of trace evidence detection. 11 The current state of the methodology has been dealt with extensively in journals as well as books, including the first edition of Advances in Fingerprint Technology. 12 Thus, the focus in this second edition is on upcoming methodologies designed to permit detection of latent fingerprints on articles that display very intense background luminescence which masks the fingerprint luminescence obtained with the current procedures. This is a pervasive major problem that still plagues the photoluminescence detection of fingerprints and, indeed, all photoluminescence-based analytical techniques. The Essence of Time-Resolved Imaging Whether in analytical chemistry, biotechnology, or criminalistics, the detection of a weak photoluminescence in the presence of a strong background fluorescence is carried out following the same basic principles. They make use of the difference between the luminescence lifetimes of the background and analyte emissions. We begin by inquiring into the origin of this lifetime difference. Luminescence Lifetimes 9 The emission of light by substances can have a number of causes, among them heat (incandescence) and chemical reaction (chemiluminescence), as in the luminol reaction with blood. For our purposes, the most important origin of luminescence, however, is the prior absorption of light (excitation) to give rise to photoluminescence. On the basis of luminescence lifetime (i.e., the decay time of the luminescence intensity once the excitation is cut off) two categories of photoluminescence were distinguished long before the quantum-mechanical underpinnings were understood; namely fluorescence of short lifetime and phosphorescence of long lifetime. The slowness concept distinguishing the two light emissions has evolved over time (toward shorter lifetimes of phosphorescence). The distinction between fluorescence and phosphorescence is placed on a less arbitrary footing when one examines the quantum-mechanical origin of the photoluminescence of typical organic molecules — which we are mostly concerned with in fingerprint work. For
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Advances in Advances Fingerprint Te
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Advances in Fingerprint Technology
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Preface The first edition of this b
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Acknowledgments We gratefully ackno
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Table of Contents Preface Acknowled
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History and Development of Fingerpr
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Figure 1.2 Basic fingerprint patter
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Figure 1.3 Portion of the prehensil
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Figure 1.4 Elliptical whorl. Theory
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The bricks, carefully laid and accu
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the megalithic builders, including
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made most of them. These “identif
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Figure 1.6 Nehemiah Grew. (Drawn by
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Figure 1.7 Right palm imprint in pl
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By kindly words of persuasion a ref
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Loop: Now if this oblique stripe by
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Figure 1.11 Dr. Ivan Vucetich. (Dra
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Sir Edward Henry and Sir William He
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in charge he undoubtedly supported
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1. Finding finger imprints on prehi
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Faulds edited seven issues of a fin
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much of his inspired research. For
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to the unrelenting efforts of Steeg
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and gathered around him a nucleus o
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I find that portions of palm imprin
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Identification of Latent Prints ROB
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Without it, no amount of further la
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work will quite often fare badly un
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Figure 2.3 Polygon method. Overlay
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Experience and Skill Although the t
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The initial identification of the l
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D5 D6 D7 I2 D8 D9 D10 No No No Reco
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D11 I4 No D12 D11 I5 D12-1 D7 D12-2
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D14 I7 D16 C3 D11 D14-2 D7 D14-3 C2
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Figure 2.7 Example of pressure dist
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9. Mairs, G., Novel method of print
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DNA From Latent Prints DNA From Blo
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Figure 3.1 A schematic diagram show
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Figure 3.3 A schematic diagram of t
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(5 to 12 µg/L), bromide (0.2 to 0.
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electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) include
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Table 3.3 Anatomical Variation in t
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Various oxidative and bacteriologic
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acid content can change with time i
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are of sebaceous origin. 82 Approxi
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Table 3.7 Changes in Surface Lipid
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gland’s activity. The more active
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content. 108 Palmitic acid was foun
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Figure 3.4a A chromatogram of a fin
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various lipid classes found in a la
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of DNA using RFLP. 130 No adverse e
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was later found to be caused by the
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17. Seutter, E., Goedhart-De Groot,
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52. Downing, D. T., Strauss, J. S.,
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85. Summerly, R., Yardley, H. J., R
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120. Duff, J. M. and Menzel, E. R.,
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149. Kloosterman, A., Application o
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Coumarin 540 Dye Staining Method An
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visualization of latent fingerprint
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White powder Dolomite, starch powde
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Fluorescein solution (in methanol/w
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Notes: Dissolve the MoS 2 in the di
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4. Avoid inhaling any iodine fumes
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CN CN CN A - A - CH2 C COOR CH2 C C
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Large vacuum chambers for processin
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Gentian Violet Solution — Non-Phe
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Table 4.1 Approximate Absorption an
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and recorded by autoradiography. Ni
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Ninhydrin solutions may be applied
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of development of ninhydrin-treated
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and certain nonreactive surface mat
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Procedure Xylene 50 mL Petroleum et
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ehavior of Ruhemann’s purple-meta
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4. Rinse the specimen in tap water.
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een treated with ninhydrin. In addi
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Working solution Stock solution 6 m
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Note: Combine and stir until citric
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Zauner 181 noted that on a rare occ
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3. Expose the tape surface to a hig
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lifting media were used, followed b
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under certain circumstances. The Br
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Physical Methods Visual Examination
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DRY Super Glue Fuming Powder Dustin
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Visual Examination Photography Iodi
Page 172 and 173: References 1. Olsen, R. D., Scott
Page 174 and 175: 36. Springer, E. and Bergman, P., A
Page 176 and 177: 74. McCarthy, M. M., Evaluation of
Page 178 and 179: 110. Mooney, D. G., Development of
Page 180 and 181: 142. Pounds, C. A., Grigg, R., and
Page 182 and 183: 175. Jones, R. J. and Pounds, C. A.
Page 184 and 185: 213. Hebrard, J. and Donche, A., Fi
Page 186 and 187: 245. Misner, A., Wilkinson, D., and
Page 188 and 189: Fingerprint Development by Ninhydri
Page 190 and 191: Figure 5.1 2,2-Dihydroxy-1,3-indane
Page 192 and 193: Figure 5.4 Formation of murexide (V
Page 194 and 195: Figure 5.6 The 1,3-dipole form of t
Page 196 and 197: less volatile 1,1,2-trichloroethane
Page 198 and 199: Key to Routes Primary Special Secon
Page 200 and 201: Specially designed cabinets for che
Page 202 and 203: the importance of cooling the objec
Page 204 and 205: Figure 5.10 Ninhydrin (I) and some
Page 206 and 207: een prepared and evaluated as finge
Page 208 and 209: Figure 5.14 The red pigment formed
Page 210 and 211: Figure 5.16 The fluorescent product
Page 212 and 213: 16. Pounds, C.A. and Jones, R.J., P
Page 214 and 215: 51. Jungbluth, W.O., Replacement fo
Page 216 and 217: 87. Kent, T., An operational guide
Page 218 and 219: 116. Kobus, H.J., Pigou, P.E., Dell
Page 220 and 221: 147. Dayan, S., Almog, J., Khodzhae
Page 224 and 225: purposes of understanding their pho
Page 226 and 227: Ar-laser image monitor lens light c
Page 228 and 229: laser Figure 6.6 Block diagram of p
Page 230 and 231: step 1 step 2 step 3 fingerprint co
Page 232 and 233: nanocrystals. Photoluminescent semi
Page 234 and 235: Figure 6.11 Photoluminescence of fi
Page 236 and 237: H H H H N N CH2CH2 CH2CH2 H N N H N
Page 238 and 239: sample, rather than preferential ad
Page 240 and 241: O R C OH + R' NH2 R C Figure 6.16 G
Page 242 and 243: The amidation reaction depicted in
Page 248 and 249: R 1 - COOH + HO - N R 1 O C N H Fig
Page 250 and 251: 29. Sooklal, K., Hanus, L.H., Ploeh
Page 252 and 253: Procedure Water and Acid Pretreatme
Page 254 and 255: The Silver Physical Development Pro
Page 256 and 257: (in the emulsion) the silver and si
Page 258 and 259: ions (found only on paper that has
Page 260 and 261: as that of print residue on porous
Page 262 and 263: + + + + + + + Cit 3- Cit 3- Cit 3-
Page 264 and 265: Saunders. 22 Both workers recognize
Page 266 and 267: Figure 7.2 Scanning electron micros
Page 268 and 269: paper and these convert to ferric o
Page 270 and 271: Water and Acid Pretreatments The wa
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Figure 7.4 Comparison of a ninhydri
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Figure 7.7 Comparison of a ninhydri
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(0.2%) to not form silver oxide whe
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X-Ray and Scanning Electron Microsc
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is much to be done to optimize the
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3. Margot, P. and Lennard, C., Fing
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35. Morris, J.R. and Wells, J.M., A
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Introduction More than a century ha
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False Reject Rate (FRR) Civilian Ap
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Fingerprint Quality Acquisition Est
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finger gets mapped onto the two-dim
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 8.3 Fingerprint
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In forensics, a special kind of ink
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L A B (a) Finger Friction Surface R
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Fingerprint Representation A finger
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(a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 8.8 A finger
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Figure 8.10 Relative configuration
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A minutiae feature extractor finds
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depicting a ridge in the fingerprin
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1. Singular points. The Poincare in
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Table 8.2 shows the results of the
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(a) (b) Figure 8.13 Two different i
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ox size is adjusted based on the es
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(a) (b) Figure 8.16 Fingerprinting
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0.5 -0.5 -1 200 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 1
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andpass filters and extracts ridges
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(a) (b) Figure 8.19 Examples of enh
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A significant implication of the ab
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or otherwise. Therefore, there are
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Conclusions and Future Prospects Fi
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WSQ-related illustrations (Figure 8
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37. Siemens. The ID Mouse from Siem
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69. L. Hong, A. Jain, and S. Pankan
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Trauring Model (1963) Description o
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correspondence in friction ridge de
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extreme variability of friction rid
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5. Trauring 19 6. Kingston 20 7. Os
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variation need have no relationship
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1. Fork directed to the right 2. Fo
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e closer to reality. In any case, t
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There is not only opportunity for c
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that, in practice, it is relative d
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e the probability that there will b
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Correction factors (G) were introdu
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fingerprint individuality into two
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appreciated that the number of tria
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a corresponding reference point is
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Table 9.1 Kingston’s Relative Fre
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minutia counts in different-sized r
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If one is to use the compound forms
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Osterburg Model (1977-1980) Descrip
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of any occurrences that appear in t
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minutiae. Both the Kingston and Ost
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minutia orientation results in regi
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Orientation for minutiae was define
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the allowable combinations of minut
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selected for the study, based on th
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Table 9.4 Champod’s Upper Bound F
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that Champod and Margot proved to b
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fingerprint was isolated. This area
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that, for the experiments as design
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can be encouraged by the dedication
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37. Amy, L., Valeur de la preuve en
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The Expert Fingerprint Witness ROBE
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Qualifications of the Fingerprint E
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7. Results of comparisons conducted
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granted for a pretrial conference,
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any examination that I have conduct
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to fully understand the meaning of
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When seated in the witness stand, t
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jury but looked down at the floor i
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Courtroom Courtesy When in court, i
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If the attorney does not have the p
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Glossary of Commonly Used Courtroom
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Indictment An accusation in writing
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APPENDIX Daubert Hearings EDWARD GE
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The U.S. Government set presented e
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Presided over by the Honorable J. C
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