Advances in Fingerprint Technology.pdf

Recommendations

Info

The U.S. Government set presented evidence supporting three premises of the science of friction ridge (fingerprint) identification, as follows: 2 PREMISE 1 — Human friction ridges are unique and permanent. The scientific basis for uniqueness and permanence begins with understanding friction ridge skin development. The sciences of biology, embryology, and genetics are keys to understanding this development. Fetal development of friction ridge skin has been extensively studied and documented. Factors affecting friction ridge variability include both genetics and the intra-uterine environment. Each unique ridge formation is caused by random growth. Friction ridges form during gestation and the final configuration and development is complete prior to birth. This configuration persists throughout life except when damage occurs to the basal layer of the epidermis. The proliferation of skin growth during gestation accounts for the variability in human friction ridges, thus establishing uniqueness. Friction ridges are unique to the individual ridge. The biological development of friction ridges establishes the scientific basis for uniqueness and permanence. Each friction ridge is unique. PREMISE 2 — Human friction ridge arrangements are unique and permanent. As with a single friction ridge, the proliferation of skin growth during gestation accounts for the variability in human friction ridge arrangement. The aggregate of the ridges permits individualization. Pattern or class characteristic ridge arrangement is genetically based; unique ridge relationship is caused by random growth. Friction ridge detail represented in impressions is observed in three levels. Ridge paths may contain Level 1, 2, or all 3 levels as follows: Level 1 includes the general ridge flow and pattern configuration. Level 1 detail is not sufficient for individualization, but can be used for exclusion. Level 1 detail may include information enabling orientation, core and delta location, and distinction of finger vs. palm. Level 2 detail includes formations, defined as ridge ending, bifurcation, dot, or combinations thereof. The relationship of Level 2 detail enables individualization. Level 3 detail includes all dimensional attributes of a ridge, such as ridge path deviation, width, shape, pores, edge contour, incipient ridges, breaks, creases, scars, and other permanent details.
PREMISE 3 – Individualization, that is, positive identification, can result from comparisons of friction ridge skin or impressions containing sufficient quality (clarity) and quantity of unique friction ridge detail. The friction ridge examination process must adhere to a standard scientific method to achieve accurate and reliable conclusions. The standard methodology consists of four elements: analysis, comparison, evaluation, and verification (ACE-V). The two factors integral to a successful examination process are the quality (clarity) and quantity of friction ridge detail. These two factors are interrelated. The four elements to the scientific methodology are as follows: Analysis: the qualitative and quantitative assessment of Level 1, 2, and 3 details to determine their proportion, interrelationship, and value to individualize. Comparison: to examine the attributes observed during analysis in order to determine agreement or discrepancies between two friction ridge impressions. Evaluation: the cyclical procedure of comparison between two friction ridge impressions to effect a decision, i.e., made by the same friction skin, not made by the same friction skin, or insufficient detail to form a conclusive decision. Verification: an independent analysis, comparison, and evaluation by a second qualified examiner of the friction ridge impressions. Uniqueness and permanence of human friction ridges and human friction skin arrangements are the scientific bases, which permit individualization. Biological variation enables individualization to be recognized with the application of scientific methodology. That individualization is limited to one friction skin area to the exclusion of all others. The scientific basis and method stated herein establishes friction ridge positive identification supporting individualization to the exclusion of all other friction skin ridge areas. Friction skin ridge and ridge impression individualization results from ACE-V. The government’s case presented by Assistant U.S. Attorney Paul Sarmousakis during the four-and-one-half day July 1999 Philadelphia hearing included testimony about special AFIS research involving 50,000 fingerprints compared against each other, twins-print research, empirical knowledge of the uniqueness and permanence of fingerprints during the previous 100 years and various other supporting evidence. No single witness or piece of evidence provided the supporting proof of the validity of the science of fingerprints.
Page 4 and 5:
Advances in Advances Fingerprint Te
Page 6 and 7:
Advances in Fingerprint Technology
Page 8 and 9:
Preface The first edition of this b
Page 10 and 11:
Acknowledgments We gratefully ackno
Page 12 and 13:
Table of Contents Preface Acknowled
Page 14 and 15:
History and Development of Fingerpr
Page 16 and 17:
Figure 1.2 Basic fingerprint patter
Page 18 and 19:
Figure 1.3 Portion of the prehensil
Page 20 and 21:
Figure 1.4 Elliptical whorl. Theory
Page 22 and 23:
The bricks, carefully laid and accu
Page 24 and 25:
the megalithic builders, including
Page 26 and 27:
made most of them. These “identif
Page 28 and 29:
Figure 1.6 Nehemiah Grew. (Drawn by
Page 30 and 31:
Figure 1.7 Right palm imprint in pl
Page 32 and 33:
By kindly words of persuasion a ref
Page 34 and 35:
Loop: Now if this oblique stripe by
Page 36 and 37:
Figure 1.11 Dr. Ivan Vucetich. (Dra
Page 38 and 39:
Sir Edward Henry and Sir William He
Page 40 and 41:
in charge he undoubtedly supported
Page 42 and 43:
1. Finding finger imprints on prehi
Page 44 and 45:
Faulds edited seven issues of a fin
Page 46 and 47:
much of his inspired research. For
Page 48 and 49:
to the unrelenting efforts of Steeg
Page 50 and 51:
and gathered around him a nucleus o
Page 52 and 53:
I find that portions of palm imprin
Page 54 and 55:
Identification of Latent Prints ROB
Page 56 and 57:
Without it, no amount of further la
Page 58 and 59:
work will quite often fare badly un
Page 60 and 61:
Figure 2.3 Polygon method. Overlay
Page 62 and 63:
Experience and Skill Although the t
Page 64 and 65:
The initial identification of the l
Page 66 and 67:
D5 D6 D7 I2 D8 D9 D10 No No No Reco
Page 68 and 69:
D11 I4 No D12 D11 I5 D12-1 D7 D12-2
Page 70 and 71:
D14 I7 D16 C3 D11 D14-2 D7 D14-3 C2
Page 72 and 73:
Figure 2.7 Example of pressure dist
Page 74 and 75:
9. Mairs, G., Novel method of print
Page 76 and 77:
DNA From Latent Prints DNA From Blo
Page 78 and 79:
Figure 3.1 A schematic diagram show
Page 80 and 81:
Figure 3.3 A schematic diagram of t
Page 82 and 83:
(5 to 12 µg/L), bromide (0.2 to 0.
Page 84 and 85:
electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) include
Page 86 and 87:
Table 3.3 Anatomical Variation in t
Page 88 and 89:
Various oxidative and bacteriologic
Page 90 and 91:
acid content can change with time i
Page 92 and 93:
are of sebaceous origin. 82 Approxi
Page 94 and 95:
Table 3.7 Changes in Surface Lipid
Page 96 and 97:
gland’s activity. The more active
Page 98 and 99:
content. 108 Palmitic acid was foun
Page 100 and 101:
Figure 3.4a A chromatogram of a fin
Page 102 and 103:
various lipid classes found in a la
Page 104 and 105:
of DNA using RFLP. 130 No adverse e
Page 106 and 107:
was later found to be caused by the
Page 108 and 109:
17. Seutter, E., Goedhart-De Groot,
Page 110 and 111:
52. Downing, D. T., Strauss, J. S.,
Page 112 and 113:
85. Summerly, R., Yardley, H. J., R
Page 114 and 115:
120. Duff, J. M. and Menzel, E. R.,
Page 116 and 117:
149. Kloosterman, A., Application o
Page 118 and 119:
Coumarin 540 Dye Staining Method An
Page 120 and 121:
visualization of latent fingerprint
Page 122 and 123:
White powder Dolomite, starch powde
Page 124 and 125:
Fluorescein solution (in methanol/w
Page 126 and 127:
Notes: Dissolve the MoS 2 in the di
Page 128 and 129:
4. Avoid inhaling any iodine fumes
Page 130 and 131:
CN CN CN A - A - CH2 C COOR CH2 C C
Page 132 and 133:
Large vacuum chambers for processin
Page 134 and 135:
Gentian Violet Solution — Non-Phe
Page 136 and 137:
Table 4.1 Approximate Absorption an
Page 138 and 139:
and recorded by autoradiography. Ni
Page 140 and 141:
Ninhydrin solutions may be applied
Page 142 and 143:
of development of ninhydrin-treated
Page 144 and 145:
and certain nonreactive surface mat
Page 146 and 147:
Procedure Xylene 50 mL Petroleum et
Page 148 and 149:
ehavior of Ruhemann’s purple-meta
Page 150 and 151:
4. Rinse the specimen in tap water.
Page 152 and 153:
een treated with ninhydrin. In addi
Page 154 and 155:
Working solution Stock solution 6 m
Page 156 and 157:
Note: Combine and stir until citric
Page 158 and 159:
Zauner 181 noted that on a rare occ
Page 160 and 161:
3. Expose the tape surface to a hig
Page 162 and 163:
lifting media were used, followed b
Page 164 and 165:
under certain circumstances. The Br
Page 166 and 167:
Physical Methods Visual Examination
Page 168 and 169:
DRY Super Glue Fuming Powder Dustin
Page 170 and 171:
Visual Examination Photography Iodi
Page 172 and 173:
References 1. Olsen, R. D., Scott
Page 174 and 175:
36. Springer, E. and Bergman, P., A
Page 176 and 177:
74. McCarthy, M. M., Evaluation of
Page 178 and 179:
110. Mooney, D. G., Development of
Page 180 and 181:
142. Pounds, C. A., Grigg, R., and
Page 182 and 183:
175. Jones, R. J. and Pounds, C. A.
Page 184 and 185:
213. Hebrard, J. and Donche, A., Fi
Page 186 and 187:
245. Misner, A., Wilkinson, D., and
Page 188 and 189:
Fingerprint Development by Ninhydri
Page 190 and 191:
Figure 5.1 2,2-Dihydroxy-1,3-indane
Page 192 and 193:
Figure 5.4 Formation of murexide (V
Page 194 and 195:
Figure 5.6 The 1,3-dipole form of t
Page 196 and 197:
less volatile 1,1,2-trichloroethane
Page 198 and 199:
Key to Routes Primary Special Secon
Page 200 and 201:
Specially designed cabinets for che
Page 202 and 203:
the importance of cooling the objec
Page 204 and 205:
Figure 5.10 Ninhydrin (I) and some
Page 206 and 207:
een prepared and evaluated as finge
Page 208 and 209:
Figure 5.14 The red pigment formed
Page 210 and 211:
Figure 5.16 The fluorescent product
Page 212 and 213:
16. Pounds, C.A. and Jones, R.J., P
Page 214 and 215:
51. Jungbluth, W.O., Replacement fo
Page 216 and 217:
87. Kent, T., An operational guide
Page 218 and 219:
116. Kobus, H.J., Pigou, P.E., Dell
Page 220 and 221:
147. Dayan, S., Almog, J., Khodzhae
Page 222 and 223:
Figure 6.1 Ninhydrin/ZnCl 2 vs. nin
Page 224 and 225:
purposes of understanding their pho
Page 226 and 227:
Ar-laser image monitor lens light c
Page 228 and 229:
laser Figure 6.6 Block diagram of p
Page 230 and 231:
step 1 step 2 step 3 fingerprint co
Page 232 and 233:
nanocrystals. Photoluminescent semi
Page 234 and 235:
Figure 6.11 Photoluminescence of fi
Page 236 and 237:
H H H H N N CH2CH2 CH2CH2 H N N H N
Page 238 and 239:
sample, rather than preferential ad
Page 240 and 241:
O R C OH + R' NH2 R C Figure 6.16 G
Page 242 and 243:
The amidation reaction depicted in
Page 244 and 245:
Page 246 and 247:
Page 248 and 249:
R 1 - COOH + HO - N R 1 O C N H Fig
Page 250 and 251:
29. Sooklal, K., Hanus, L.H., Ploeh
Page 252 and 253:
Procedure Water and Acid Pretreatme
Page 254 and 255:
The Silver Physical Development Pro
Page 256 and 257:
(in the emulsion) the silver and si
Page 258 and 259:
ions (found only on paper that has
Page 260 and 261:
as that of print residue on porous
Page 262 and 263:
+ + + + + + + Cit 3- Cit 3- Cit 3-
Page 264 and 265:
Saunders. 22 Both workers recognize
Page 266 and 267:
Figure 7.2 Scanning electron micros
Page 268 and 269:
paper and these convert to ferric o
Page 270 and 271:
Water and Acid Pretreatments The wa
Page 272 and 273:
Figure 7.4 Comparison of a ninhydri
Page 274 and 275:
Figure 7.7 Comparison of a ninhydri
Page 276 and 277:
(0.2%) to not form silver oxide whe
Page 278 and 279:
X-Ray and Scanning Electron Microsc
Page 280 and 281:
is much to be done to optimize the
Page 282 and 283:
3. Margot, P. and Lennard, C., Fing
Page 284 and 285:
35. Morris, J.R. and Wells, J.M., A
Page 286 and 287:
Introduction More than a century ha
Page 288 and 289:
False Reject Rate (FRR) Civilian Ap
Page 290 and 291:
Fingerprint Quality Acquisition Est
Page 292 and 293:
finger gets mapped onto the two-dim
Page 294 and 295:
(a) (b) (c) Figure 8.3 Fingerprint
Page 296 and 297:
In forensics, a special kind of ink
Page 298 and 299:
L A B (a) Finger Friction Surface R
Page 300 and 301:
Fingerprint Representation A finger
Page 302 and 303:
(a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 8.8 A finger
Page 304 and 305:
Figure 8.10 Relative configuration
Page 306 and 307:
A minutiae feature extractor finds
Page 308 and 309:
depicting a ridge in the fingerprin
Page 310 and 311:
1. Singular points. The Poincare in
Page 312 and 313:
Table 8.2 shows the results of the
Page 314 and 315:
(a) (b) Figure 8.13 Two different i
Page 316 and 317:
ox size is adjusted based on the es
Page 318 and 319:
(a) (b) Figure 8.16 Fingerprinting
Page 320 and 321:
0.5 -0.5 -1 200 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 1
Page 322 and 323:
andpass filters and extracts ridges
Page 324 and 325:
(a) (b) Figure 8.19 Examples of enh
Page 326 and 327:
A significant implication of the ab
Page 328 and 329:
or otherwise. Therefore, there are
Page 330 and 331:
Conclusions and Future Prospects Fi
Page 332 and 333:
WSQ-related illustrations (Figure 8
Page 334 and 335:
37. Siemens. The ID Mouse from Siem
Page 336 and 337:
69. L. Hong, A. Jain, and S. Pankan
Page 338 and 339:
Trauring Model (1963) Description o
Page 340 and 341:
correspondence in friction ridge de
Page 342 and 343:
extreme variability of friction rid
Page 344 and 345:
5. Trauring 19 6. Kingston 20 7. Os
Page 346 and 347:
variation need have no relationship
Page 348 and 349:
1. Fork directed to the right 2. Fo
Page 350 and 351:
e closer to reality. In any case, t
Page 352 and 353:
There is not only opportunity for c
Page 354 and 355:
that, in practice, it is relative d
Page 356 and 357:
e the probability that there will b
Page 358 and 359:
Correction factors (G) were introdu
Page 360 and 361:
fingerprint individuality into two
Page 362 and 363:
appreciated that the number of tria
Page 364 and 365:
a corresponding reference point is
Page 366 and 367:
Table 9.1 Kingston’s Relative Fre
Page 368 and 369:
minutia counts in different-sized r
Page 370 and 371:
If one is to use the compound forms
Page 372 and 373:
Osterburg Model (1977-1980) Descrip
Page 374 and 375: of any occurrences that appear in t
Page 376 and 377: minutiae. Both the Kingston and Ost
Page 378 and 379: minutia orientation results in regi
Page 380 and 381: Orientation for minutiae was define
Page 382 and 383: the allowable combinations of minut
Page 384 and 385: selected for the study, based on th
Page 386 and 387: Table 9.4 Champod’s Upper Bound F
Page 388 and 389: that Champod and Margot proved to b
Page 390 and 391: fingerprint was isolated. This area
Page 392 and 393: that, for the experiments as design
Page 394 and 395: can be encouraged by the dedication
Page 396 and 397: 37. Amy, L., Valeur de la preuve en
Page 398 and 399: The Expert Fingerprint Witness ROBE
Page 400 and 401: Qualifications of the Fingerprint E
Page 402 and 403: 7. Results of comparisons conducted
Page 404 and 405: granted for a pretrial conference,
Page 406 and 407: any examination that I have conduct
Page 408 and 409: to fully understand the meaning of
Page 410 and 411: When seated in the witness stand, t
Page 412 and 413: jury but looked down at the floor i
Page 414 and 415: Courtroom Courtesy When in court, i
Page 416 and 417: If the attorney does not have the p
Page 418 and 419: Glossary of Commonly Used Courtroom
Page 420 and 421: Indictment An accusation in writing
Page 422 and 423: APPENDIX Daubert Hearings EDWARD GE
Page 426: Presided over by the Honorable J. C
show all

Advances in Fingerprint Technology.pdf

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?