Advances in Fingerprint Technology.pdf

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are of sebaceous origin. 82 Approximately 20% of the fatty acids in sterol esters were reported to be of a branched chain type. Also, the levels of sterols and sterol esters have been reported to be higher in women than men. Cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3β-ol, is approximately 1 to 2% of adult surface lipids. Cholesterol, which is the most abundant steroid in animal tissues, is not believed to be synthesized in the sebaceous glands. It may be incorporated into sebum from the body’s circulation (e.g., blood, plasma, etc.). Squalene Squalene comprises approximately 11 to 12% of adult lipids. Squalene, 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl-2,6,10,14,18,22-tetracosahexaene, cyclizes readily to form steroids in the body, including the steroid alcohols lanosterol and cholesterol. Squalene levels have been reported to be elevated in acne patients. 85,86 Patients with acne were reported to have a mean squalene content of 19.9%. 71 Squalene production in sebaceous glands has been found to vary depending on the gland size, with larger glands producing greater amounts of the lipid. Miscellaneous Organic Compounds A recent study of sweat collected from glass beads using cryofocusing GC/MS revealed a considerable number of trace organic compounds. 5 Most of the ketones detected were between butanone and decanone. However, trace amounts of the following were also found: 2-nonen-4-one, 2-decanone, 2-methoxy-2-octen-4-one, 6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadien-2-one, and possibly 3-hydroxyandrostan-11,17-dione. Numerous aldehydes were also detected, with the most prevalent being in the series between propanal and nonanal. Alkanes and alkenes below decane were not detected because of high volatility and amounts below instrument detection limits. Few amides were reported. However, a series of tertiary amines was detected ranging from N,N-dimethyl-1-dodecanamine to N,N-dimethyl-1-octadecanamine. Several heterocyclic compounds were detected, including substituted pyrroles, pyridines, piperidines, pyrazines, and furans. Nicotine was also detected in some samples. A number of haloalkanes were reported, including an incomplete series from chlorohexane to chlorohexadecane. Carbon disulfide and dimethyl sulfide and a few mercaptans, including thiomethane and 2-thiopropane, were also present. The chemical composition of secretions from the sebaceous gland is summarized in Table 3.6. Apocrine Glands The apocrine glands are another class of secretory glands. These glands are large coiled structures that are located close to hair follicles and their associated sebaceous glands (except where noted, the information in this section was
Table 3.6 A Summary of the Composition of Sebaceous Secretions Organic (major) Triglycerides Free fatty acids saturated monounsaturated polyunsaturated Wax esters Squalene Cholesterol Cholesterol esters 30–40% 15–25% 50% 48% 2% 20–25% 10–12% 1–3% 2–3% Organic (trace) Aldehydes Ketones Amines Amides Alkanes Alkenes Alcohols Phospholipids Pyrroles Pyridines Piperidines Pyrazines Furans Haloalkanes Mercaptans Sulfides obtained from Robertshaw 87 ). They are localized primarily in the axillary and perineal areas. The excretory portion of these glands takes the form of a huge intertwined coil that can extend well into the sub-dermal fatty layer. 2 The duct leaving the coil takes a more or less vertical path parallel to an adjacent hair follicle into which it opens at a point above the hair’s sebaceous gland. Few studies have been made to analyze the secretions emanating from the apocrine glands. Detailed analysis of apocrine secretions is complicated by contamination from eccrine and sebaceous glands. One of the few studies done on human apocrine secretions found a substance that was milky in appearance and dried to a plastic-like solid. 88 This material fluoresced and had a variable odor. One source reported several substances isolated from apocrine secretions, including proteins, carbohydrates, cholesterol, and iron. 89 C 19-steroid sulfates and ∆16-steroids (e.g., 5α-androst-16-en-3α-ol and 5α-androst-16-en-3-one) have also been reported. 90,91 Variation of Sebum Composition with Age of Donor It has been well established that the chemical content of sweat changes from birth to puberty and up through old age. Rates of sebum excretion, amounts of certain fatty acids, the ratio of wax esters to cholesterol, and cholesterol esters have been found to change. 92 Some components do not show any significant difference with age. Table 3.7 compares the variation in surface lipid composition by age group. 93
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Advances in Advances Fingerprint Te
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Advances in Fingerprint Technology
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Preface The first edition of this b
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Acknowledgments We gratefully ackno
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Table of Contents Preface Acknowled
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History and Development of Fingerpr
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Figure 1.2 Basic fingerprint patter
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Figure 1.3 Portion of the prehensil
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Figure 1.4 Elliptical whorl. Theory
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The bricks, carefully laid and accu
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the megalithic builders, including
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made most of them. These “identif
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Figure 1.6 Nehemiah Grew. (Drawn by
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Figure 1.7 Right palm imprint in pl
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By kindly words of persuasion a ref
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Loop: Now if this oblique stripe by
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Figure 1.11 Dr. Ivan Vucetich. (Dra
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Sir Edward Henry and Sir William He
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in charge he undoubtedly supported
Page 42 and 43: 1. Finding finger imprints on prehi
Page 44 and 45: Faulds edited seven issues of a fin
Page 46 and 47: much of his inspired research. For
Page 48 and 49: to the unrelenting efforts of Steeg
Page 50 and 51: and gathered around him a nucleus o
Page 52 and 53: I find that portions of palm imprin
Page 54 and 55: Identification of Latent Prints ROB
Page 56 and 57: Without it, no amount of further la
Page 58 and 59: work will quite often fare badly un
Page 60 and 61: Figure 2.3 Polygon method. Overlay
Page 62 and 63: Experience and Skill Although the t
Page 64 and 65: The initial identification of the l
Page 66 and 67: D5 D6 D7 I2 D8 D9 D10 No No No Reco
Page 68 and 69: D11 I4 No D12 D11 I5 D12-1 D7 D12-2
Page 70 and 71: D14 I7 D16 C3 D11 D14-2 D7 D14-3 C2
Page 72 and 73: Figure 2.7 Example of pressure dist
Page 74 and 75: 9. Mairs, G., Novel method of print
Page 76 and 77: DNA From Latent Prints DNA From Blo
Page 78 and 79: Figure 3.1 A schematic diagram show
Page 80 and 81: Figure 3.3 A schematic diagram of t
Page 82 and 83: (5 to 12 µg/L), bromide (0.2 to 0.
Page 84 and 85: electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) include
Page 86 and 87: Table 3.3 Anatomical Variation in t
Page 88 and 89: Various oxidative and bacteriologic
Page 90 and 91: acid content can change with time i
Page 94 and 95: Table 3.7 Changes in Surface Lipid
Page 96 and 97: gland’s activity. The more active
Page 98 and 99: content. 108 Palmitic acid was foun
Page 100 and 101: Figure 3.4a A chromatogram of a fin
Page 102 and 103: various lipid classes found in a la
Page 104 and 105: of DNA using RFLP. 130 No adverse e
Page 106 and 107: was later found to be caused by the
Page 108 and 109: 17. Seutter, E., Goedhart-De Groot,
Page 110 and 111: 52. Downing, D. T., Strauss, J. S.,
Page 112 and 113: 85. Summerly, R., Yardley, H. J., R
Page 114 and 115: 120. Duff, J. M. and Menzel, E. R.,
Page 116 and 117: 149. Kloosterman, A., Application o
Page 118 and 119: Coumarin 540 Dye Staining Method An
Page 120 and 121: visualization of latent fingerprint
Page 122 and 123: White powder Dolomite, starch powde
Page 124 and 125: Fluorescein solution (in methanol/w
Page 126 and 127: Notes: Dissolve the MoS 2 in the di
Page 128 and 129: 4. Avoid inhaling any iodine fumes
Page 130 and 131: CN CN CN A - A - CH2 C COOR CH2 C C
Page 132 and 133: Large vacuum chambers for processin
Page 134 and 135: Gentian Violet Solution — Non-Phe
Page 136 and 137: Table 4.1 Approximate Absorption an
Page 138 and 139: and recorded by autoradiography. Ni
Page 140 and 141: Ninhydrin solutions may be applied
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of development of ninhydrin-treated
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and certain nonreactive surface mat
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Procedure Xylene 50 mL Petroleum et
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ehavior of Ruhemann’s purple-meta
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4. Rinse the specimen in tap water.
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een treated with ninhydrin. In addi
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Working solution Stock solution 6 m
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Note: Combine and stir until citric
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Zauner 181 noted that on a rare occ
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3. Expose the tape surface to a hig
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lifting media were used, followed b
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under certain circumstances. The Br
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Physical Methods Visual Examination
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DRY Super Glue Fuming Powder Dustin
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Visual Examination Photography Iodi
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References 1. Olsen, R. D., Scott
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36. Springer, E. and Bergman, P., A
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74. McCarthy, M. M., Evaluation of
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110. Mooney, D. G., Development of
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142. Pounds, C. A., Grigg, R., and
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175. Jones, R. J. and Pounds, C. A.
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213. Hebrard, J. and Donche, A., Fi
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245. Misner, A., Wilkinson, D., and
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Fingerprint Development by Ninhydri
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Figure 5.1 2,2-Dihydroxy-1,3-indane
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Figure 5.4 Formation of murexide (V
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Figure 5.6 The 1,3-dipole form of t
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less volatile 1,1,2-trichloroethane
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Key to Routes Primary Special Secon
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Specially designed cabinets for che
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the importance of cooling the objec
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Figure 5.10 Ninhydrin (I) and some
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een prepared and evaluated as finge
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Figure 5.14 The red pigment formed
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Figure 5.16 The fluorescent product
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16. Pounds, C.A. and Jones, R.J., P
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51. Jungbluth, W.O., Replacement fo
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87. Kent, T., An operational guide
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116. Kobus, H.J., Pigou, P.E., Dell
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147. Dayan, S., Almog, J., Khodzhae
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Figure 6.1 Ninhydrin/ZnCl 2 vs. nin
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purposes of understanding their pho
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Ar-laser image monitor lens light c
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laser Figure 6.6 Block diagram of p
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step 1 step 2 step 3 fingerprint co
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nanocrystals. Photoluminescent semi
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Figure 6.11 Photoluminescence of fi
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H H H H N N CH2CH2 CH2CH2 H N N H N
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sample, rather than preferential ad
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O R C OH + R' NH2 R C Figure 6.16 G
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The amidation reaction depicted in
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R 1 - COOH + HO - N R 1 O C N H Fig
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29. Sooklal, K., Hanus, L.H., Ploeh
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Procedure Water and Acid Pretreatme
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The Silver Physical Development Pro
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(in the emulsion) the silver and si
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ions (found only on paper that has
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as that of print residue on porous
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+ + + + + + + Cit 3- Cit 3- Cit 3-
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Saunders. 22 Both workers recognize
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Figure 7.2 Scanning electron micros
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paper and these convert to ferric o
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Water and Acid Pretreatments The wa
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Figure 7.4 Comparison of a ninhydri
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Figure 7.7 Comparison of a ninhydri
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(0.2%) to not form silver oxide whe
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X-Ray and Scanning Electron Microsc
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is much to be done to optimize the
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3. Margot, P. and Lennard, C., Fing
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35. Morris, J.R. and Wells, J.M., A
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Introduction More than a century ha
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False Reject Rate (FRR) Civilian Ap
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Fingerprint Quality Acquisition Est
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finger gets mapped onto the two-dim
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 8.3 Fingerprint
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In forensics, a special kind of ink
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L A B (a) Finger Friction Surface R
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Fingerprint Representation A finger
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(a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 8.8 A finger
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Figure 8.10 Relative configuration
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A minutiae feature extractor finds
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depicting a ridge in the fingerprin
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1. Singular points. The Poincare in
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Table 8.2 shows the results of the
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(a) (b) Figure 8.13 Two different i
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ox size is adjusted based on the es
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(a) (b) Figure 8.16 Fingerprinting
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0.5 -0.5 -1 200 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 1
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andpass filters and extracts ridges
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(a) (b) Figure 8.19 Examples of enh
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A significant implication of the ab
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or otherwise. Therefore, there are
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Conclusions and Future Prospects Fi
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WSQ-related illustrations (Figure 8
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37. Siemens. The ID Mouse from Siem
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69. L. Hong, A. Jain, and S. Pankan
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Trauring Model (1963) Description o
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correspondence in friction ridge de
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extreme variability of friction rid
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5. Trauring 19 6. Kingston 20 7. Os
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variation need have no relationship
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1. Fork directed to the right 2. Fo
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e closer to reality. In any case, t
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There is not only opportunity for c
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that, in practice, it is relative d
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e the probability that there will b
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Correction factors (G) were introdu
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fingerprint individuality into two
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appreciated that the number of tria
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a corresponding reference point is
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Table 9.1 Kingston’s Relative Fre
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minutia counts in different-sized r
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If one is to use the compound forms
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Osterburg Model (1977-1980) Descrip
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of any occurrences that appear in t
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minutiae. Both the Kingston and Ost
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minutia orientation results in regi
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Orientation for minutiae was define
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the allowable combinations of minut
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selected for the study, based on th
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Table 9.4 Champod’s Upper Bound F
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that Champod and Margot proved to b
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fingerprint was isolated. This area
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that, for the experiments as design
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can be encouraged by the dedication
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37. Amy, L., Valeur de la preuve en
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The Expert Fingerprint Witness ROBE
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Qualifications of the Fingerprint E
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7. Results of comparisons conducted
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granted for a pretrial conference,
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any examination that I have conduct
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to fully understand the meaning of
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When seated in the witness stand, t
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jury but looked down at the floor i
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Courtroom Courtesy When in court, i
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If the attorney does not have the p
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Glossary of Commonly Used Courtroom
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Indictment An accusation in writing
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APPENDIX Daubert Hearings EDWARD GE
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The U.S. Government set presented e
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Presided over by the Honorable J. C
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