Advances in Fingerprint Technology.pdf

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(5 to 12 µg/L), bromide (0.2 to 0.5 mg/L), fluoride (0.2 to 1.18 mg/L), phosphate (10 to 17 mg/L), sulfate (7 to 190 mg/L), iron (1 to 70 mg/L), 12 zinc, copper, cobalt, lead, manganese, molybdenum, sulfur, tin, and mercury. 13-15 Interestingly, the eccrine gland is one of the target organs for cystic fibrosis. Historically, this condition has been diagnosed on the basis of elevated sodium chloride concentration in sweat. In general, the sweat sodium ion concentration appears to be isotonic to that of human plasma, although significant variations can be obtained depending on the method of collection (e.g., thermal vs. pharmacologically induced sweat). 16 One study found that the sodium concentration varied over a rather large range, from 34 to 266 mEq/L. Others reported the average concentration at 140 ± 1.8 mEq/L 7 and 60 mEq/L. 17 The latter source reported that the chloride concentration is generally lower than that of sodium, averaging around 46 mEq/L, and that the potassium level ranged from 5 to 59 mEq/L. In general, chloride levels are isotonic with those in plasma. 18 Other studies have determined the potassium levels to be between 4.9 to 8.3 mEq/L 16 and 8.8 mEq/L. 19 The amount of calcium in sweat was found to be about 3.4 mEq/L and the amount of magnesium was 1.2 mEq/L. The HCO 3 – -CO2 buffer system appears to play a critical role in maintaining sweat pH. The pH of sweat isolated from human secretory coils (in the dermis) is approximately 7.2, while the pH of sweat secreted from the gland can vary from as low as 5.0 (at a low sweat rate) up to 6.5 to 7.0 (at a high sweat rate). This indicates that the duct itself acidifies the sweat, presumably by reabsorbing bicarbonate and/or secreting H + in exchange for a Na + ion. 20 At low sweat rates, this mechanism can conserve bicarbonate (and other solutes) efficiently and thus maintain a slightly acidic sweat pH. At higher sweat rates, the mechanism is overwhelmed and cannot reabsorb solutes effectively. This results in secreted sweat containing higher amounts of bicarbonate and thus it has a higher pH. The typical bicarbonate concentration has been reported to be between 15 to 20 mM. Amino Acids Of critical importance to latent print visualization with ninhydrin is the concentration of amino acids and proteins. The total amount of amino acids present in a print has been reported to be between 0.3 to 2.59 mg/L. 14 The first amino acid found in eccrine sweat was serine, isolated as β-naphthalinesulfoserine by using a microbiological method, and was reported by Embden and Tachau in 1910. A study of samples of pharmacologically induced sweat (using pilocarpine hydrochloride) collected after a hygienic bath yielded 22 amino acids. 21 Amino acid amounts in sweat have been reported to be several times higher than corresponding values in plasma. 22 One study found the most abundant amino acids to be serine and alanine,
Table 3.1 A Summary of the Relative Abundance (Serine Ratio) of Amino Acids in Fingerprint Deposits Hamilton 28 Hadorn et al. 27 Oro and Skewes 29 Serine 100 100 100 Glycine 67 54 59 Ornithine 32 45 45 (Ornithine, lysine) 42 47 45 Alanine 27 35 28 Aspartic acid 22 11 22 Threonine 17 9 18 Histidine 17 13 14 Valine 12 10 9 Leucine 10 7 10 Isoleucine 8 6 8 Glutamic acid 8 12 5 Lysine 10 5 — Phenylalanine 7 5 5 Tyrosine 6 3 5 15.44 and 14.63 mg%, respectively. Another study of both active and inactive participants found that in both cases, serine, glycine, and alanine were the most abundant amino acids. 23 A similar trend was also reported by several others. 24-26 Quantitatively, amino acid concentrations can vary as much as 2 to 20 times depending on collection methods (e.g., thermally induced sweat vs. exercise-induced sweat) and by sample location on the body. A study comparing sweat samples obtained from the back and hands of subjects found some significant differences. 27 The samples from the backs of subjects showed higher amounts of amino acids involved in the urea cycle. These and other differences appeared to be independent of plasma and urine amino acid levels, suggesting that amino acids do not appear in sweat as a result of filtration from the blood plasma. Table 3.1 summarizes the relative amino acid abundance values from several different studies. One study reported a series of ninhydrin positive substances, in addition to amino acids, in human eccrine sweat. 30 Some of these substances include o-phosphoserine, methionine sulfoxide, α-amino-isobutyric acid, glucosamine, α-amino-n-valeric acid, cystathionine, β-amino-isobutyric acid, ethanolamine, γ-aminobutyric acid, and carnosine. Proteins The total protein content in sweat has been determined to range between 15 to 25 mg/dL. One study using two-dimensional electrophoresis and ultrasensitive silver staining found over 400 polypeptide components. 31 Some specific examples determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel
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Advances in Advances Fingerprint Te
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Advances in Fingerprint Technology
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Preface The first edition of this b
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Acknowledgments We gratefully ackno
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Table of Contents Preface Acknowled
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History and Development of Fingerpr
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Figure 1.2 Basic fingerprint patter
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Figure 1.3 Portion of the prehensil
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Figure 1.4 Elliptical whorl. Theory
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The bricks, carefully laid and accu
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the megalithic builders, including
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made most of them. These “identif
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Figure 1.6 Nehemiah Grew. (Drawn by
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Figure 1.7 Right palm imprint in pl
Page 32 and 33: By kindly words of persuasion a ref
Page 34 and 35: Loop: Now if this oblique stripe by
Page 36 and 37: Figure 1.11 Dr. Ivan Vucetich. (Dra
Page 38 and 39: Sir Edward Henry and Sir William He
Page 40 and 41: in charge he undoubtedly supported
Page 42 and 43: 1. Finding finger imprints on prehi
Page 44 and 45: Faulds edited seven issues of a fin
Page 46 and 47: much of his inspired research. For
Page 48 and 49: to the unrelenting efforts of Steeg
Page 50 and 51: and gathered around him a nucleus o
Page 52 and 53: I find that portions of palm imprin
Page 54 and 55: Identification of Latent Prints ROB
Page 56 and 57: Without it, no amount of further la
Page 58 and 59: work will quite often fare badly un
Page 60 and 61: Figure 2.3 Polygon method. Overlay
Page 62 and 63: Experience and Skill Although the t
Page 64 and 65: The initial identification of the l
Page 66 and 67: D5 D6 D7 I2 D8 D9 D10 No No No Reco
Page 68 and 69: D11 I4 No D12 D11 I5 D12-1 D7 D12-2
Page 70 and 71: D14 I7 D16 C3 D11 D14-2 D7 D14-3 C2
Page 72 and 73: Figure 2.7 Example of pressure dist
Page 74 and 75: 9. Mairs, G., Novel method of print
Page 76 and 77: DNA From Latent Prints DNA From Blo
Page 78 and 79: Figure 3.1 A schematic diagram show
Page 80 and 81: Figure 3.3 A schematic diagram of t
Page 84 and 85: electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) include
Page 86 and 87: Table 3.3 Anatomical Variation in t
Page 88 and 89: Various oxidative and bacteriologic
Page 90 and 91: acid content can change with time i
Page 92 and 93: are of sebaceous origin. 82 Approxi
Page 94 and 95: Table 3.7 Changes in Surface Lipid
Page 96 and 97: gland’s activity. The more active
Page 98 and 99: content. 108 Palmitic acid was foun
Page 100 and 101: Figure 3.4a A chromatogram of a fin
Page 102 and 103: various lipid classes found in a la
Page 104 and 105: of DNA using RFLP. 130 No adverse e
Page 106 and 107: was later found to be caused by the
Page 108 and 109: 17. Seutter, E., Goedhart-De Groot,
Page 110 and 111: 52. Downing, D. T., Strauss, J. S.,
Page 112 and 113: 85. Summerly, R., Yardley, H. J., R
Page 114 and 115: 120. Duff, J. M. and Menzel, E. R.,
Page 116 and 117: 149. Kloosterman, A., Application o
Page 118 and 119: Coumarin 540 Dye Staining Method An
Page 120 and 121: visualization of latent fingerprint
Page 122 and 123: White powder Dolomite, starch powde
Page 124 and 125: Fluorescein solution (in methanol/w
Page 126 and 127: Notes: Dissolve the MoS 2 in the di
Page 128 and 129: 4. Avoid inhaling any iodine fumes
Page 130 and 131: CN CN CN A - A - CH2 C COOR CH2 C C
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Large vacuum chambers for processin
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Gentian Violet Solution — Non-Phe
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Table 4.1 Approximate Absorption an
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and recorded by autoradiography. Ni
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Ninhydrin solutions may be applied
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of development of ninhydrin-treated
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and certain nonreactive surface mat
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Procedure Xylene 50 mL Petroleum et
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ehavior of Ruhemann’s purple-meta
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4. Rinse the specimen in tap water.
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een treated with ninhydrin. In addi
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Working solution Stock solution 6 m
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Note: Combine and stir until citric
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Zauner 181 noted that on a rare occ
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3. Expose the tape surface to a hig
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lifting media were used, followed b
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under certain circumstances. The Br
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Physical Methods Visual Examination
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DRY Super Glue Fuming Powder Dustin
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Visual Examination Photography Iodi
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References 1. Olsen, R. D., Scott
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36. Springer, E. and Bergman, P., A
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74. McCarthy, M. M., Evaluation of
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110. Mooney, D. G., Development of
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142. Pounds, C. A., Grigg, R., and
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175. Jones, R. J. and Pounds, C. A.
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213. Hebrard, J. and Donche, A., Fi
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245. Misner, A., Wilkinson, D., and
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Fingerprint Development by Ninhydri
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Figure 5.1 2,2-Dihydroxy-1,3-indane
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Figure 5.4 Formation of murexide (V
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Figure 5.6 The 1,3-dipole form of t
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less volatile 1,1,2-trichloroethane
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Key to Routes Primary Special Secon
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Specially designed cabinets for che
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the importance of cooling the objec
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Figure 5.10 Ninhydrin (I) and some
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een prepared and evaluated as finge
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Figure 5.14 The red pigment formed
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Figure 5.16 The fluorescent product
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16. Pounds, C.A. and Jones, R.J., P
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51. Jungbluth, W.O., Replacement fo
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87. Kent, T., An operational guide
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116. Kobus, H.J., Pigou, P.E., Dell
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147. Dayan, S., Almog, J., Khodzhae
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Figure 6.1 Ninhydrin/ZnCl 2 vs. nin
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purposes of understanding their pho
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Ar-laser image monitor lens light c
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laser Figure 6.6 Block diagram of p
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step 1 step 2 step 3 fingerprint co
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nanocrystals. Photoluminescent semi
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Figure 6.11 Photoluminescence of fi
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H H H H N N CH2CH2 CH2CH2 H N N H N
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sample, rather than preferential ad
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O R C OH + R' NH2 R C Figure 6.16 G
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The amidation reaction depicted in
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R 1 - COOH + HO - N R 1 O C N H Fig
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29. Sooklal, K., Hanus, L.H., Ploeh
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Procedure Water and Acid Pretreatme
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The Silver Physical Development Pro
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(in the emulsion) the silver and si
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ions (found only on paper that has
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as that of print residue on porous
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+ + + + + + + Cit 3- Cit 3- Cit 3-
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Saunders. 22 Both workers recognize
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Figure 7.2 Scanning electron micros
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paper and these convert to ferric o
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Water and Acid Pretreatments The wa
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Figure 7.4 Comparison of a ninhydri
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Figure 7.7 Comparison of a ninhydri
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(0.2%) to not form silver oxide whe
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X-Ray and Scanning Electron Microsc
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is much to be done to optimize the
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3. Margot, P. and Lennard, C., Fing
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35. Morris, J.R. and Wells, J.M., A
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Introduction More than a century ha
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False Reject Rate (FRR) Civilian Ap
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Fingerprint Quality Acquisition Est
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finger gets mapped onto the two-dim
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 8.3 Fingerprint
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In forensics, a special kind of ink
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L A B (a) Finger Friction Surface R
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Fingerprint Representation A finger
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(a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 8.8 A finger
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Figure 8.10 Relative configuration
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A minutiae feature extractor finds
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depicting a ridge in the fingerprin
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1. Singular points. The Poincare in
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Table 8.2 shows the results of the
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(a) (b) Figure 8.13 Two different i
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ox size is adjusted based on the es
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(a) (b) Figure 8.16 Fingerprinting
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0.5 -0.5 -1 200 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 1
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andpass filters and extracts ridges
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(a) (b) Figure 8.19 Examples of enh
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A significant implication of the ab
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or otherwise. Therefore, there are
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Conclusions and Future Prospects Fi
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WSQ-related illustrations (Figure 8
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37. Siemens. The ID Mouse from Siem
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69. L. Hong, A. Jain, and S. Pankan
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Trauring Model (1963) Description o
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correspondence in friction ridge de
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extreme variability of friction rid
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5. Trauring 19 6. Kingston 20 7. Os
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variation need have no relationship
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1. Fork directed to the right 2. Fo
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e closer to reality. In any case, t
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There is not only opportunity for c
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that, in practice, it is relative d
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e the probability that there will b
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Correction factors (G) were introdu
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fingerprint individuality into two
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appreciated that the number of tria
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a corresponding reference point is
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Table 9.1 Kingston’s Relative Fre
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minutia counts in different-sized r
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If one is to use the compound forms
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Osterburg Model (1977-1980) Descrip
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of any occurrences that appear in t
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minutiae. Both the Kingston and Ost
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minutia orientation results in regi
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Orientation for minutiae was define
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the allowable combinations of minut
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selected for the study, based on th
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Table 9.4 Champod’s Upper Bound F
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that Champod and Margot proved to b
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fingerprint was isolated. This area
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that, for the experiments as design
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can be encouraged by the dedication
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37. Amy, L., Valeur de la preuve en
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The Expert Fingerprint Witness ROBE
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Qualifications of the Fingerprint E
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7. Results of comparisons conducted
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granted for a pretrial conference,
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any examination that I have conduct
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to fully understand the meaning of
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When seated in the witness stand, t
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jury but looked down at the floor i
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Courtroom Courtesy When in court, i
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If the attorney does not have the p
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Glossary of Commonly Used Courtroom
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Indictment An accusation in writing
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APPENDIX Daubert Hearings EDWARD GE
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The U.S. Government set presented e
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Presided over by the Honorable J. C
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