Advances in Fingerprint Technology.pdf

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Indictment An accusation in writing by a grand jury, charging that a person named therein has committed a criminal act. Judge A public officer, appointed or elected, who presides in a court of law to administer the proceedings and to render decisions on the questions of law. Jury A certain number of men and women, selected according to law, to inquire of certain matters of fact, and declare the truth upon evidence to be laid before them. Jury box The place in court where the jury sits during a trial. Misdemeanor Offenses lower than felonies and generally those punishable by a fine or imprisonment of 1 year or less. Mistrial An erroneous or invalid trial that cannot stand in law because of disregard of some fundamental requisite. Nolo contendere Latin for “I will not contest it.” The name of a plea in criminal action having the same legal effect as a plea of guilty as long as the matter or proceeding objected to is improper or illegal. Overrule Refusal to sustain or recognize as sufficient an objection made in the course of a trial as to the introduction of particular evidence, etc. Pardon An act of grace that exempts the individual on whom it is bestowed from the punishment the law inflicts for the crime he/she has committed. Perjury A willful statement that is not true, made by a witness under oath in a judicial proceeding. Plea The answer to a criminal action brought against the defendant. Preemptory challenge A challenge against a prospective juror without cause, by the prosecution or the defense. Preliminary hearing A hearing given to one accused of a crime, before a judge or magistrate, to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to require the accused to answer the charges against him/her. Prima facie evidence Evidence that suffices for the proof of a particular fact until contradicted and overcome by other evidence. Probable cause A reasonable ground for belief in existence of facts warranting the proceedings complained of. Prosecuting attorney Public officer who is appointed or elected to conduct criminal prosecutions on behalf of the state or people. Re-cross-examination The last opportunity for the defense attorney to attack testimony. Questioning is restricted to points covered on re-direct.
Re-direct examination The opportunity for the prosecutor to question again after cross-examination, to rehabilitate areas of testimony that may have been damaged by the defense attorney’s interrogation. Relevant That which applies to the fact in issue. Search warrants A written court order authorizing a law enforcement officer to search a named person or place. Sequestering of Witness The exclusion of witnesses from the courtroom during a trial so that no witness will hear testimony of other witnesses. True bill The endorsement on a bill of indictment by a grand jury when it determines that there is sufficient evidence to sustain the accusation. Venue The county or geographical location in which a case is brought to trial and which is to furnish the panel of jurors. Voie dire (1) The preliminary examination of jurors before trial at which challenges may be made to their sitting on the jury. (2) A preliminary examination to determine the competency of a witness or juror. Waiver The intentional or voluntary relinquishment of a known right. Warrant A writ from a competent authority in pursuance of law, instructing an officer to do an act and affording him protection from damages if he does it. References 1. Burke, J.J. Testifying in court. FBI Law Enf. Bull., 1975. 2. Kogan, J.D. On being a good expert witness in a criminal case. J. Forensic Sci. 23, 190, 1978. 3. Molloy, J.J. Dress for Success. New York: Warner Books, 1978. 4. Petersen, R.D. The Police Officer in Court. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas, 1975. 5. Tanton, R.L. Jury preconceptions and their effect on expert scientific testimony. J. Forensic Sci. 24, 681, 1979. 6. Black, H.C. Black’s Law Dictionary. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Company.
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Advances in Advances Fingerprint Te
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Advances in Fingerprint Technology
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Preface The first edition of this b
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Acknowledgments We gratefully ackno
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Table of Contents Preface Acknowled
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History and Development of Fingerpr
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Figure 1.2 Basic fingerprint patter
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Figure 1.3 Portion of the prehensil
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Figure 1.4 Elliptical whorl. Theory
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The bricks, carefully laid and accu
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the megalithic builders, including
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made most of them. These “identif
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Figure 1.6 Nehemiah Grew. (Drawn by
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Figure 1.7 Right palm imprint in pl
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By kindly words of persuasion a ref
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Loop: Now if this oblique stripe by
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Figure 1.11 Dr. Ivan Vucetich. (Dra
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Sir Edward Henry and Sir William He
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in charge he undoubtedly supported
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1. Finding finger imprints on prehi
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Faulds edited seven issues of a fin
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much of his inspired research. For
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to the unrelenting efforts of Steeg
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and gathered around him a nucleus o
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I find that portions of palm imprin
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Identification of Latent Prints ROB
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Without it, no amount of further la
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work will quite often fare badly un
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Figure 2.3 Polygon method. Overlay
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Experience and Skill Although the t
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The initial identification of the l
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D5 D6 D7 I2 D8 D9 D10 No No No Reco
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D11 I4 No D12 D11 I5 D12-1 D7 D12-2
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D14 I7 D16 C3 D11 D14-2 D7 D14-3 C2
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Figure 2.7 Example of pressure dist
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9. Mairs, G., Novel method of print
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DNA From Latent Prints DNA From Blo
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Figure 3.1 A schematic diagram show
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Figure 3.3 A schematic diagram of t
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(5 to 12 µg/L), bromide (0.2 to 0.
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electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) include
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Table 3.3 Anatomical Variation in t
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Various oxidative and bacteriologic
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acid content can change with time i
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are of sebaceous origin. 82 Approxi
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Table 3.7 Changes in Surface Lipid
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gland’s activity. The more active
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content. 108 Palmitic acid was foun
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Figure 3.4a A chromatogram of a fin
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various lipid classes found in a la
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of DNA using RFLP. 130 No adverse e
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was later found to be caused by the
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17. Seutter, E., Goedhart-De Groot,
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52. Downing, D. T., Strauss, J. S.,
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85. Summerly, R., Yardley, H. J., R
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120. Duff, J. M. and Menzel, E. R.,
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149. Kloosterman, A., Application o
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Coumarin 540 Dye Staining Method An
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visualization of latent fingerprint
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White powder Dolomite, starch powde
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Fluorescein solution (in methanol/w
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Notes: Dissolve the MoS 2 in the di
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4. Avoid inhaling any iodine fumes
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CN CN CN A - A - CH2 C COOR CH2 C C
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Large vacuum chambers for processin
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Gentian Violet Solution — Non-Phe
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Table 4.1 Approximate Absorption an
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and recorded by autoradiography. Ni
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Ninhydrin solutions may be applied
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of development of ninhydrin-treated
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and certain nonreactive surface mat
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Procedure Xylene 50 mL Petroleum et
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ehavior of Ruhemann’s purple-meta
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4. Rinse the specimen in tap water.
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een treated with ninhydrin. In addi
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Working solution Stock solution 6 m
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Note: Combine and stir until citric
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Zauner 181 noted that on a rare occ
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3. Expose the tape surface to a hig
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lifting media were used, followed b
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under certain circumstances. The Br
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Physical Methods Visual Examination
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DRY Super Glue Fuming Powder Dustin
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Visual Examination Photography Iodi
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References 1. Olsen, R. D., Scott
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36. Springer, E. and Bergman, P., A
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74. McCarthy, M. M., Evaluation of
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110. Mooney, D. G., Development of
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142. Pounds, C. A., Grigg, R., and
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175. Jones, R. J. and Pounds, C. A.
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213. Hebrard, J. and Donche, A., Fi
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245. Misner, A., Wilkinson, D., and
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Fingerprint Development by Ninhydri
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Figure 5.1 2,2-Dihydroxy-1,3-indane
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Figure 5.4 Formation of murexide (V
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Figure 5.6 The 1,3-dipole form of t
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less volatile 1,1,2-trichloroethane
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Key to Routes Primary Special Secon
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Specially designed cabinets for che
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the importance of cooling the objec
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Figure 5.10 Ninhydrin (I) and some
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een prepared and evaluated as finge
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Figure 5.14 The red pigment formed
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Figure 5.16 The fluorescent product
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16. Pounds, C.A. and Jones, R.J., P
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51. Jungbluth, W.O., Replacement fo
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87. Kent, T., An operational guide
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116. Kobus, H.J., Pigou, P.E., Dell
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147. Dayan, S., Almog, J., Khodzhae
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Figure 6.1 Ninhydrin/ZnCl 2 vs. nin
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purposes of understanding their pho
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Ar-laser image monitor lens light c
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laser Figure 6.6 Block diagram of p
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step 1 step 2 step 3 fingerprint co
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nanocrystals. Photoluminescent semi
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Figure 6.11 Photoluminescence of fi
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H H H H N N CH2CH2 CH2CH2 H N N H N
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sample, rather than preferential ad
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O R C OH + R' NH2 R C Figure 6.16 G
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The amidation reaction depicted in
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R 1 - COOH + HO - N R 1 O C N H Fig
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29. Sooklal, K., Hanus, L.H., Ploeh
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Procedure Water and Acid Pretreatme
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The Silver Physical Development Pro
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(in the emulsion) the silver and si
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ions (found only on paper that has
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as that of print residue on porous
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+ + + + + + + Cit 3- Cit 3- Cit 3-
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Saunders. 22 Both workers recognize
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Figure 7.2 Scanning electron micros
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paper and these convert to ferric o
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Water and Acid Pretreatments The wa
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Figure 7.4 Comparison of a ninhydri
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Figure 7.7 Comparison of a ninhydri
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(0.2%) to not form silver oxide whe
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X-Ray and Scanning Electron Microsc
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is much to be done to optimize the
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3. Margot, P. and Lennard, C., Fing
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35. Morris, J.R. and Wells, J.M., A
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Introduction More than a century ha
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False Reject Rate (FRR) Civilian Ap
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Fingerprint Quality Acquisition Est
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finger gets mapped onto the two-dim
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 8.3 Fingerprint
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In forensics, a special kind of ink
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L A B (a) Finger Friction Surface R
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Fingerprint Representation A finger
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(a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 8.8 A finger
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Figure 8.10 Relative configuration
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A minutiae feature extractor finds
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depicting a ridge in the fingerprin
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1. Singular points. The Poincare in
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Table 8.2 shows the results of the
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(a) (b) Figure 8.13 Two different i
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ox size is adjusted based on the es
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(a) (b) Figure 8.16 Fingerprinting
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0.5 -0.5 -1 200 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 1
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andpass filters and extracts ridges
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(a) (b) Figure 8.19 Examples of enh
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A significant implication of the ab
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or otherwise. Therefore, there are
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Conclusions and Future Prospects Fi
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WSQ-related illustrations (Figure 8
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37. Siemens. The ID Mouse from Siem
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69. L. Hong, A. Jain, and S. Pankan
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Trauring Model (1963) Description o
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correspondence in friction ridge de
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extreme variability of friction rid
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5. Trauring 19 6. Kingston 20 7. Os
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variation need have no relationship
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1. Fork directed to the right 2. Fo
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e closer to reality. In any case, t
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There is not only opportunity for c
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that, in practice, it is relative d
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e the probability that there will b
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Correction factors (G) were introdu
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fingerprint individuality into two
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appreciated that the number of tria
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a corresponding reference point is
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Table 9.1 Kingston’s Relative Fre
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minutia counts in different-sized r
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Page 372 and 373: Osterburg Model (1977-1980) Descrip
Page 374 and 375: of any occurrences that appear in t
Page 376 and 377: minutiae. Both the Kingston and Ost
Page 378 and 379: minutia orientation results in regi
Page 380 and 381: Orientation for minutiae was define
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Page 384 and 385: selected for the study, based on th
Page 386 and 387: Table 9.4 Champod’s Upper Bound F
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Page 390 and 391: fingerprint was isolated. This area
Page 392 and 393: that, for the experiments as design
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Page 398 and 399: The Expert Fingerprint Witness ROBE
Page 400 and 401: Qualifications of the Fingerprint E
Page 402 and 403: 7. Results of comparisons conducted
Page 404 and 405: granted for a pretrial conference,
Page 406 and 407: any examination that I have conduct
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Page 410 and 411: When seated in the witness stand, t
Page 412 and 413: jury but looked down at the floor i
Page 414 and 415: Courtroom Courtesy When in court, i
Page 416 and 417: If the attorney does not have the p
Page 418 and 419: Glossary of Commonly Used Courtroom
Page 422 and 423: APPENDIX Daubert Hearings EDWARD GE
Page 424 and 425: The U.S. Government set presented e
Page 426: Presided over by the Honorable J. C
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