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156 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 1926b. The Mascoutens or Prairie Potawatomi: Notes on the Material Culture. Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee, 6(2): 263-326. Smith, Carlyle S. 1977. The Talking Crow Site. University of Kansas Publications in Anthropology, 9. Strong, William Duncan 1936. Anthropological Theory and Archeological Fact. In Robert H. Lowie, editor. Essays in Anthropology Presented to Alfred Louis Kroeber, pages 359-370. Berkeley: University of California Press. Stull, Donald and Bernard Hirsch, producers 1980. Neshnabek: The People. 16 mm moving picture film produced by the University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. Tax, Sol 1955. The Social Organization of the Fox Indians. In Fred Eggan, editor. Social Anthropology of North American Tribes, pages 243-282. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Wanatee, Adeline 1978. Education, the Family, and the Schools. In Gretchen M. Bataille, David M. Gradwohl, and Charles L.P. Silet, editors, The Worlds between Two Rivers: Perspectives on American Indians in Iowa, pages 100-103. Ames: Iowa State University Press. Wanatee, Donald 1978. The Lion, Fleur-de-lis, the Eagle or the Fox: A Study of Government. In Gretchen M. Bataille, David M. Gradwohl, and Charles L.P. Silet, editors. The Worlds between Two Rivers: Perspectives on American Indians in Iowa, pages 74-83. Ames: Iowa State University Press. Ward, Duren J.H. 1909. The Meskwaki People of Today. Iowa Journal of History and Politics, 4:190-219. Waseskuk, Bertha 1978. Mesquakie History—As We Know It. In Gretchen M. Bataille, David M. Gradwohl, and Charles L.P. Silet, editors. The Worlds between Two Rivers: Perspectives on American Indians in Iowa, pages 54-61. Ames: Iowa State University Press. Waugh, Frederick W. 1916. Iroquois Foods and Food Preparation. Canada Geological Survey Memoir, 86. Wedel, Mildred Mott 1959. Oneota Sites on the Upper Iowa River. Missouri Archeologist, 21: (2-4): 181 pages. Wedel, Waldo R. 1936. An Introduction to Pawnee Archeology. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin, 112. 1938. The Direct-Historical Approach in Pawnee Archeology. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 97(7):1-21. 1959. An Introduction to Kansas Archeology. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin, 174. Weltfish, Gene 1937. Caddoan Texts, Pawnee, South Band Dialect. Publications of the American Ethnological Society, 17. 1965. The Lost Universe. New York: Basic Books, Inc. Whitman, William 1937. The Oto. New York: Columbia University Press. Will, George F., and G.E. Hyde 1964. Corn among the Indians of the Upper Missouri. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. Wilson, Gilbert Livingstone 1917. Agriculture of the Hidatsa Indians: An Indian Interpretation. University of Minnesota Studies in the Social Sciences, 9. Wintemberg, W.J. 1908. The Use of Shells by the Ontario Indians. In Annual Archeological Report for 1907, pages 38-90. Toronto, Canada: Ontario Provincial Museum. Witthoft, John 1949. Green Corn Ceremonialism in the Eastern Woodlands. University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology Occasional Contributions, 13. Wood, W. Raymond 1967. An Interpretation of Mandan Culture History. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin, 198.
Bias in the Zooarcheological Record: Suggestions for Interpretation of Bone Counts in ABSTRACT Faunal Samples from the Plains A model of information content in archeological animal bone samples is presented as an introduction to the problem of identifying bias in the faunal record. A solution to the problem will require both attention to the assumptions implied by the use of different methods of analysis and development of rigorous quantitative models linking human behavior and natural phenomena to the archeological record. Introduction Waldo R. Wedel's critique of Two House Sites in the Central Plains: An Experiment in Archaeology (Wood, 1969) contains the following passage (Wedel, 1970:16): If ten bison scapulae were recognized in the refuse bone, we can infer that no less than five animals died to furnish the hoe-makings. Are we then to assume that only the scapulae were utilized and the meat was ignored? It would seem likelier that the animals were butchered at a watering place in the nearby creek valley and only the wanted meat, plus such bones and other parts as were desired for tool-making and other specific aims, were carried back to the house on Mowry Bluff. This comment clearly reflects Dr. Wedel's deep concern for the care with which inferences about Plains human ecology are made. It also attests Brian Hesse, Department of Anthropology, University of Alabama in Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294. Brian Hesse 157 to his long-standing interest in the study of faunal remains, and, therefore, is an excellent starting point for a discussion of zooarcheological method. The passage distinguishes between two conflicting interpretations drawn from the same animal bone sample. In one view, the distorted nature of a bison bone sample is emphasized (almost all scapulae), an observation that leads to the conclusion that the pursuit of bison was a less important subsistence activity at Mowry Bluff than in other Plains sites. On the other hand, the relative frequency of bison bones in the collection and the nature of Plains bison processing activities is emphasized, leading to the contrasting conclusion that bison and other Plains forms were the mainstay of Mowry Bluff subsistence. Resolution of these contradictory interpretations requires an evaluation of quantitative methods in zooarcheology. Before we can answer the question about Mowry Bluff hunting, we need to understand how bone counts reflect species frequency. Since bias in these counts can arise from a wide range of sources, it is useful to preface a discussion of bone counting problems with an outline of the nature of the zooarcheological record. The Zooarcheological Record Several authors stress the important idea that archeological collections are samples drawn from populations of contemporary phenomena (Binford and Bertram, 1977:77; Cowgill, 1970:163;
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JM*^>T^ Plains Indian Studies A COL
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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHRO
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Contents Page EDITORS' INTRODUCTION
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Plains Indian Studies Editors' Intr
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NUMBER 30 12:00 p.m. LUNCH 1:30 p.m
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NUMBER 30 comprised some of the ear
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John C. Ewers and William N. Fenton
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^9 ^^^^H/"^V^^^^H P^^B Lf// to n|[/
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John Canfield Ewers and the Great T
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NUMBER 30 13 heavy doses of materia
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NUMBER 30 15 sages from books and a
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NUMBER 30 sault by the medicine pip
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NUMBER 30 19 cused on archeology. T
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NUMBER 30 21 he has viewed statisti
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NUMBER 30 23 Basin Surveys, establi
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Bibliography of John C. Ewers 1932
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NUMBER 30 27 36. The Indian Trade o
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NUMBER 30 29 1966 82. Chiefs from t
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NUMBER 30 31 125. Chippewa, Cree an
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Bibhography of Waldo R. Wedel 1933
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NUMBER 30 35 43. The Missouri River
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NUMBER 30 37 1959 79. An Introducti
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NUMBER 30 39 116. House Floors and
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NUMBER 30 41 phase of the game of m
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NUMBER 30 43 FIGURE 3.—Waldo and
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NUMBER 30 45 came Jack's extensive
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An Historical Character Mythologize
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NUMBER 30 49 ruined"), since the ac
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NUMBER 30 51 a war party that happe
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NUMBER 30 The Legendary Figure An i
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NUMBER 30 their identity to anyone,
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NUMBER 30 57 as the actors approach
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Political Assimilation on the Black
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NUMBER 30 61 and daring on horse-st
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NUMBER 30 63 the incident led to hi
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NUMBER 30 65 after years of litigat
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NUMBER 30 67 vation and before the
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NUMBER 30 69 to the financially dis
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NUMBER 30 Federal Records Center, D
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"Look at My Hair, It is Gray": Age
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NUMBER 30 75 suited potential selec
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NUMBER 30 77 THE GROS VENTRE BUSINE
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NUMBER 30 79 worked to generate sup
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NUMBER 30 81 Mountain Crows, and th
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NUMBER 30 83 validated and reinforc
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NUMBER 30 85 general. The Sun Dance
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NUMBER 30 87 spect for ritual leade
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NUMBER 30 89 and I don't know what
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NUMBER 30 91 ington, D.C: Catholic
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NUMBER 30 93 volume 12, book 1. Hou
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NUMBER 30 95 ing and travel. Yet ea
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NUMBER 30 97 place." The leadership
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NUMBER 30 99 (Imuks-ay'k-ni), from
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NUMBER 30 101 ical condition were t
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NUMBER 30 103 chiefs of the tribe.
Page 111 and 112: Laced Coats and Leather Jackets: Th
Page 113 and 114: NUMBER 30 107 fashion. Far more col
Page 115 and 116: NUMBER 30 109 On the other side of
Page 117 and 118: NUMBER 30 111 FIGURE 10.—White ma
Page 119 and 120: NUMBER 30 113 sashes and beadwork.
Page 121 and 122: NUMBER 30 115 FIGURE 13.—Oglala S
Page 123 and 124: NUMBER 30 117 Cabinet of Curiositie
Page 125 and 126: NUMBER 30 119 the period has often
Page 127 and 128: NUMBER 30 121 as physically large;
Page 129 and 130: NUMBER 30 123 New Spain and in many
Page 131 and 132: NUMBER 30 125 ita) trader (M. Wedel
Page 133 and 134: NUMBER 30 127 riors and have served
Page 135 and 136: NUMBER 30 129 hunters and traders d
Page 137 and 138: NUMBER 30 131 I have seen no record
Page 139 and 140: NUMBER 30 133 effective enticements
Page 141 and 142: Shelling Corn in the Prairie-Plains
Page 143 and 144: NUMBER 30 137 FIGURE 15.—Oneota s
Page 145 and 146: NUMBER 30 It is possible that still
Page 147 and 148: NUMBER 30 141 canvas on which they
Page 149 and 150: NUMBER 30 143 of September when the
Page 151 and 152: NUMBER 30 gested the use of these i
Page 153 and 154: NUMBER 30 147 Shell and side A, rig
Page 155 and 156: NUMBER 30 ences, demonstrated below
Page 157 and 158: NUMBER 30 151 FIGURE 22.—Vertical
Page 159 and 160: NUMBER 30 153 fig. 12r). Objects of
Page 161: NUMBER 30 155 editor. Aspects of Up
Page 165 and 166: NUMBER 30 159 population in cultura
Page 167 and 168: NUMBER 30 between sites. Since so m
Page 169 and 170: NUMBER 30 163 pling scheme used. Th
Page 171 and 172: NUMBER 30 165 MNI MNI FIGURE 25.—
Page 173 and 174: NUMBER 30 167 taken to contribute t
Page 175 and 176: NUMBER 30 169 Among the historic Co
Page 177 and 178: NUMBER 30 171 etery. Keos, 1:129-13
Page 179 and 180: Some Observations on the Central Pl
Page 181 and 182: NUMBER 30 175 similarity in the cho
Page 183 and 184: NUMBER 30 177 N SELECTED ARCHAEOLOG
Page 185 and 186: NUMBER 30 179 FIGURE 30.—Forest c
Page 187 and 188: NUMBER 30 181 a long line along the
Page 189 and 190: NUMBER 30 183 sloping ridge spurs.
Page 191 and 192: NUMBER 30 hunting and fishing camps
Page 193 and 194: NUMBER 30 187 should reduce the num
Page 195 and 196: NUMBER 30 189 has drawn upon models
Page 197 and 198: NUMBER 30 191 Dean, Seth 1883. Anti
Page 199 and 200: Paleo-Indian Winter Subsistence Str
Page 201 and 202: NUMBER 30 195 and late Archaic peri
Page 203 and 204: NUMBER 30 197 nent is located in th
Page 205 and 206: NUMBER 30 199 1977-78 caused the ar
Page 207 and 208: NUMBER 30 201 meat caches, would un
Page 209 and 210: NUMBER 30 203 published advocating
Page 211 and 212: NUMBER 30 205 Radiometric determina
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NUMBER 30 207 of butchering. Among
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NUMBER 30 209 as hearths, along wit
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NUMBER 30 211 found. At Locality II
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NUMBER 30 213 and unifacial flake t
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NUMBER 30 extended across Beringia
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NUMBER 30 217 Irving, William N. 19
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REQUIREMENTS FOR SMITHSONIAN SERIES
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