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182 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY The preference for the more rugged topography of the Pony and Horse Creek areas, in addition to acting as a constraint on lodge placement, appears to have also determined the size and orientation of lodges. An assessment of lodge size and landscape position (Table 3) clearly reveals that where large lodges of over 700 square feet (65 m^) in floor area are found, the topographic setting is favorable, i.e., large, well-developed, gently sloping terraces, wide ridge tops, or gently TABLE 3.—Lodge dimensions and landscape positions of sites at the Glenwood locality Watershed and site number PONY CREEK 13ML119 13ML124 13ML126 13ML136 13ML139 13ML145 13ML205^ 13ML206^ 13ML216" 13ML218" 13ML219(1) 13ML219(2) 13ML222' HSJ HSM HSN HSO HSX'' HSXIO HSXll HSX15 HSX16 KULLBOM 13ML10(1) 13ML10(2) 13ML10(4) KEG CREEK 13ML121 13ML128 13ML129 13ML130 HORSE CREEK 13ML134 13ML135 13ML155 Lodge dimensions (ft) 19 X 19 24.5 X 25 24 X 25 24 X 25 21.5 X 22.5 17.5 X 18.5 25 X 20 20 X 20 17.5 X 17.5 26 X 25 30 X 30 36 X 36 25 X 24 18 X 20 24 X 24 27 X 28 20 X 25 34 X 34 31 X 31 31 X 31 36 X 36 24 X 24 24 X 21 25 X 28 25 X 25 19 X 19 32 X 33 30 X 32 43 X 43 24 X 24 21.5 X 23 23 X 22 (sq ft) 361 613 600 600 484 324 500 400 306 650 900 1296 600 360 576 756 500 1156 961 961 1296 576 504 700 625 361 1056 960 1849 " Partial house, length estimated. On divide between Pony and Keg creeks. 576 495 506 Landscape position Footslope Terrace Backslope Footslope Footslope Backslope Footslope Footslope Footslope Terrace Backslope Backslope Terrace Backslope Backslope Backslope Backslope Summit Summit Summit Summit Backslope Footslope Footslope Footslope Footslope Terrace Terrace Terrace Footslope Footslope Backslope Source Anderson, 1973 Anderson, 1973 Hotopp, 1978a Hotopp, 1978a Hotopp, 1978a Hotopp, 1978a Brown, 1967 Brown, 1967 Brown, 1967 Brown, 1967 Brown, 1967 Brown, 1967 Brown, 1967 Orr, 1963 Orr, 1963 Orr, 1963 Orr, 1963 Orr, 1963 Orr, 1963 Orr, 1963 Orr, 1963 Orr, 1963 Anderson, 1961 Anderson, 1961 Anderson, 1961 Anderson, 1973 Hotopp, 1978a Hotopp, 1978a Hotopp, 1978a Hotopp, 1978a Hotopp, 1978a Hotopp, 1978a
NUMBER 30 183 sloping ridge spurs. The smaller, more common lodges of less than 700 square feet (65 m^) are almost always constrained by their topographic setting. These lodges are most commonly located on steeper slopes or narrow ridge spurs, which would have required massive excavations for a larger lodge. The houses were oriented with the entryway opening downslope and the rear walls parallel with the hill slope. Only one lodge (HS J) has been reported on a north-facing bluff slope (Orr, 1963, 10:89-90) and the entryway to this lodge was not located. Two clusters of lodges are known from Glenwood. In an 1883 report, Dean illustrated the Allis Village, which consisted of five lodge depressions located on a bluff slope overlooking the Kullbom valley. A similar cluster of five lodges was located by the author on a ridge slope overlooking Horse Creek (Hotopp, 19 78a: 66, 84). The preference for east, west, and south facing slopes and the practice of locating entryways on the downslope side of the lodges in the Glenwood locality supports the conclusions reached by Sterns (1915:201) for the Nebraska lodges he excavated in a similar environmental setting: Three of them were a few degrees south of east in their direction while a fourth was southwest. Six in which the entrance passage could be located without excavation had them running approximately south. The direction apparently was determined entirely by the slope of the hill .... In their assessment of the Nebraska phase, Blakeslee and Caldwell (1979:44) note: Entryways are oriented to all points of the compass, but there is a very strong tendency to southerly directions.... The southerly orientation of the entryways can probably be attributed to the strong northerly winter winds common in the region. Within the Glenwood locality, lodges under 700 square feet (65 m^) in floor area are found most frequently in close association with one another. Houses with larger floor areas are commonly isolated from one another by distances ranging from several hundred feet to one-half mile. The clustering of smaller lodges and the isolation of larger lodges in the Glenwood locality is virtually indistinguishable from that reported for the Nebraska phase by Blakeslee and Caldwell (1979:109): Both single lodges and villages occur throughout the lifetime of the phase .... [Tjhere seems to be a dual settlement pattern for the Nebraska Phase although the functional differences between the two types of site is [sic] not yet understood. The fact that the single lodges are considerably larger than those in the villages suggests that the composition of households in the two kinds of settlement were [sic] different. Central Plains Tradition Settlement Models The bifurcated settlement pattern observed within many of the localities on the Central Plains has been the subject of a number of theoretical reconstructions. One popular model, developed by Krause (1969, 1970), incorporates a sequential settlement configuration spanning approximately 600 years from the ninth to the fifteenth centuries. Krause developed the model from his research in the Glen Elder locality on the Solomon River in north-central Kansas. Briefly, Krause argued that the larger earth lodges (between 500 and 1050 square feet in floor area, or 46.4 and 97.5 m^) were found in hamlets situated on prominent terraces of the Solomon River, and represented the initial settlement. After about 400 years, these hamlets were abandoned, and presumably the occupants shifted to smaller, lightly built, isolated lodges (between 144 and 225 square feet in floor area, or 13.4 and 20.9 m^), located on the timbered banks of a feeder creek. The shift in settlement was viewed as a response to a change in climate occurring around A.D. 1250, which affected cultivation, hunting, and collecting. According to Baerreis and Bryson (1965), the climatic shift to cooler, drier conditions would have reduced agricultural productivity and encouraged population dispersal. Krause (1970:108) supported this sequence with a series of seven radiocarbon dates from the hamlets and an observed trend in the ceramics. This model has been widely cited by archeologists working with Central Plains sites. For example, Johnson (1973) employed this model as an explanatory device in interpreting a bimodal
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JM*^>T^ Plains Indian Studies A COL
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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHRO
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Contents Page EDITORS' INTRODUCTION
Page 7 and 8:
Plains Indian Studies Editors' Intr
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NUMBER 30 12:00 p.m. LUNCH 1:30 p.m
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NUMBER 30 comprised some of the ear
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John C. Ewers and William N. Fenton
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^9 ^^^^H/"^V^^^^H P^^B Lf// to n|[/
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John Canfield Ewers and the Great T
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NUMBER 30 13 heavy doses of materia
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NUMBER 30 15 sages from books and a
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NUMBER 30 sault by the medicine pip
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NUMBER 30 19 cused on archeology. T
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NUMBER 30 21 he has viewed statisti
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NUMBER 30 23 Basin Surveys, establi
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Bibliography of John C. Ewers 1932
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NUMBER 30 27 36. The Indian Trade o
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NUMBER 30 29 1966 82. Chiefs from t
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NUMBER 30 31 125. Chippewa, Cree an
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Bibhography of Waldo R. Wedel 1933
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NUMBER 30 35 43. The Missouri River
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NUMBER 30 37 1959 79. An Introducti
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NUMBER 30 39 116. House Floors and
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NUMBER 30 41 phase of the game of m
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NUMBER 30 43 FIGURE 3.—Waldo and
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NUMBER 30 45 came Jack's extensive
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An Historical Character Mythologize
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NUMBER 30 49 ruined"), since the ac
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NUMBER 30 51 a war party that happe
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NUMBER 30 The Legendary Figure An i
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NUMBER 30 their identity to anyone,
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NUMBER 30 57 as the actors approach
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Political Assimilation on the Black
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NUMBER 30 61 and daring on horse-st
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NUMBER 30 63 the incident led to hi
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NUMBER 30 65 after years of litigat
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NUMBER 30 67 vation and before the
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NUMBER 30 69 to the financially dis
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NUMBER 30 Federal Records Center, D
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"Look at My Hair, It is Gray": Age
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NUMBER 30 75 suited potential selec
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NUMBER 30 77 THE GROS VENTRE BUSINE
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NUMBER 30 79 worked to generate sup
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NUMBER 30 81 Mountain Crows, and th
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NUMBER 30 83 validated and reinforc
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NUMBER 30 85 general. The Sun Dance
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NUMBER 30 87 spect for ritual leade
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NUMBER 30 89 and I don't know what
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NUMBER 30 91 ington, D.C: Catholic
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NUMBER 30 93 volume 12, book 1. Hou
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NUMBER 30 95 ing and travel. Yet ea
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NUMBER 30 97 place." The leadership
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NUMBER 30 99 (Imuks-ay'k-ni), from
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NUMBER 30 101 ical condition were t
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NUMBER 30 103 chiefs of the tribe.
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Laced Coats and Leather Jackets: Th
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NUMBER 30 107 fashion. Far more col
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NUMBER 30 109 On the other side of
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NUMBER 30 111 FIGURE 10.—White ma
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NUMBER 30 113 sashes and beadwork.
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NUMBER 30 115 FIGURE 13.—Oglala S
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NUMBER 30 117 Cabinet of Curiositie
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NUMBER 30 119 the period has often
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NUMBER 30 121 as physically large;
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NUMBER 30 123 New Spain and in many
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NUMBER 30 125 ita) trader (M. Wedel
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NUMBER 30 127 riors and have served
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NUMBER 30 129 hunters and traders d
Page 137 and 138: NUMBER 30 131 I have seen no record
Page 139 and 140: NUMBER 30 133 effective enticements
Page 141 and 142: Shelling Corn in the Prairie-Plains
Page 143 and 144: NUMBER 30 137 FIGURE 15.—Oneota s
Page 145 and 146: NUMBER 30 It is possible that still
Page 147 and 148: NUMBER 30 141 canvas on which they
Page 149 and 150: NUMBER 30 143 of September when the
Page 151 and 152: NUMBER 30 gested the use of these i
Page 153 and 154: NUMBER 30 147 Shell and side A, rig
Page 155 and 156: NUMBER 30 ences, demonstrated below
Page 157 and 158: NUMBER 30 151 FIGURE 22.—Vertical
Page 159 and 160: NUMBER 30 153 fig. 12r). Objects of
Page 161 and 162: NUMBER 30 155 editor. Aspects of Up
Page 163 and 164: Bias in the Zooarcheological Record
Page 165 and 166: NUMBER 30 159 population in cultura
Page 167 and 168: NUMBER 30 between sites. Since so m
Page 169 and 170: NUMBER 30 163 pling scheme used. Th
Page 171 and 172: NUMBER 30 165 MNI MNI FIGURE 25.—
Page 173 and 174: NUMBER 30 167 taken to contribute t
Page 175 and 176: NUMBER 30 169 Among the historic Co
Page 177 and 178: NUMBER 30 171 etery. Keos, 1:129-13
Page 179 and 180: Some Observations on the Central Pl
Page 181 and 182: NUMBER 30 175 similarity in the cho
Page 183 and 184: NUMBER 30 177 N SELECTED ARCHAEOLOG
Page 185 and 186: NUMBER 30 179 FIGURE 30.—Forest c
Page 187: NUMBER 30 181 a long line along the
Page 191 and 192: NUMBER 30 hunting and fishing camps
Page 193 and 194: NUMBER 30 187 should reduce the num
Page 195 and 196: NUMBER 30 189 has drawn upon models
Page 197 and 198: NUMBER 30 191 Dean, Seth 1883. Anti
Page 199 and 200: Paleo-Indian Winter Subsistence Str
Page 201 and 202: NUMBER 30 195 and late Archaic peri
Page 203 and 204: NUMBER 30 197 nent is located in th
Page 205 and 206: NUMBER 30 199 1977-78 caused the ar
Page 207 and 208: NUMBER 30 201 meat caches, would un
Page 209 and 210: NUMBER 30 203 published advocating
Page 211 and 212: NUMBER 30 205 Radiometric determina
Page 213 and 214: NUMBER 30 207 of butchering. Among
Page 215 and 216: NUMBER 30 209 as hearths, along wit
Page 217 and 218: NUMBER 30 211 found. At Locality II
Page 219 and 220: NUMBER 30 213 and unifacial flake t
Page 221 and 222: NUMBER 30 extended across Beringia
Page 223 and 224: NUMBER 30 217 Irving, William N. 19
Page 227: REQUIREMENTS FOR SMITHSONIAN SERIES
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