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70 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY several private patents along with federally owned and state-owned land. In 1928, a group of ranchers in southeastern Montana established the first grazing district in the nation. Through enabling legislation from both the state and Congress, a local board received permission to organize use of the range containing multiple tenures. The method became the basis for the Taylor Grazing Act of 1934 (Schlebecker, 1963:114-115; NA, 1932, 1936b). In 1928 as well, the Office of Indian Affairs created an Agricultural Extension Service for Indian reservations. One of the service's first efforts was to use the experience in Montana to rationalize grazing on Indian reservations. Indian Office officials attempted to gain powers of attorney from individual allottees and create the kind of local grazing districts that proved successful in southeastern Montana. The program brought Robert Hamilton out of retirement. Hamilton was not opposed to the idea, but he saw the Indian Office's exercise of power of attorney as further eroding what little authority remained to the tribal council. He would have probably supported the effort if the council exercised the power of attorney, but he could not favor surrendering any additional power to the Office of Indian Affairs (NA, 1932). Hamilton resisted the government's program and convinced enough allottees to refuse the Indian Office's request for powers of attorney. The Office of Indian Affairs, which met similar opposition on other reservations, called for a conference in 1932 in Washington to resolve the dispute. The Blackfeet elected Robert Hamilton as their representative. The old political fighter, perhaps mellowed with age, indicated that he would act as a statesman. Although still adamantly opposed to approving the Indian Office exercise of powers of attorney, he suggested a legal document that Anonymous 1902. Progressive Men of the State of Montana. Chicago: A.W. Bowen & Co. Literature Cited gave the Indian Office the same authority in fact but not in name. It was perhaps a symbolic gesture and it was his last contribution to Blackfoot welfare. After a short illness and before he could attend the national grazing conference, Hamilton died. He might have been gratified to know that the Indian Office adopted his method of obtaining permission to organize grazing districts on the Blackfoot Reservation (NA, 1939). In any context outside of an Indian reservation, Robert Hamilton would have been known as a politician. In his long struggle to gain for the Blackfeet a measure of home rule, the Office of Indian Affairs described him as a radical agitator, a horse thief, and a malcontent, but never as a politician. Unlike many of his followers, Hamilton was capable of making his way in White society. On three occasions in his life he left the reservation but always returned. The reservation was his forum and the place where he could be an Indian. He was instrumental in creating on the Blackfoot Reservation a community based on shared political aspirations, while maintaining a spiritual link with the past. He helped educate his people to use the political process and the federal courts to establish Blackfoot legal rights. He tried, perhaps without success, to find the institutional means to preserve the essence of Blackfoot culture in the midst of a twentiethcentury reality. During Hamilton's lifetime, the Blackfeet changed from a nomadic people dominated by war and the hunt to a people identified with a new sense of community. His was of the last generation that could bridge the gulf between the traditional and the future. When the Blackfeet gained a degree of autonomy through the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, they owed much of their ability to exercise that autonomy and press for further rights of self-determination to Robert Hamilton. Ewers, John C 1958. The Blackfeet: Raiders on the Northwestern Plains. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
NUMBER 30 Federal Records Center, Denver, Colorado (FRC) 1883. Letter from John Young to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1 August 1883. Record Group 75: Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. 1898. Letter from Thomas Fuller to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 8 February 1898. Record Group 75: Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. 1903. Letter from James Monteath to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 17 October 1903. Record Group 75: Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. 1908. Letter from J.Z. Dare to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 4 April 1908. Record Group 75: Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. 1910. Letter from Arthur McFatridge to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 19 July 1910. Record Group 75: Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. 1912. Letter from Arthur McFatridge to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 22 April 1912. Record Group 75: Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. 1914. Letter from Business Committee to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 9 May 1914. Record Group 75: Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. 1919. Letter from Henry A. Larson to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 4 April 1919. Record Group 75: Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Hagan William T. 1966. Indian Police and Judges: Experiments in Acculturation and Control. New Haven: Yale University Press. McFee, Malcolm 1972. Modem Blackfeet: Montanaru on a Reservation. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. National Archives, Washington, D.C. (NA) 1883. Inspection Report, Blackfeet Reservation. Record Group 48: Records of the Secretary of the Interior. 1902a. Plan for Improvement of Piegan Indians, by James Monteath, 15 January 1902. File 4027, Record Group 75. 1902b. Letter from James Monteath to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 20 November 1902. File 78824, Record Group 75. 1903. Letter from James Monteath to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 6 June 1903. File 36085, Record Group 75. 1904a. Letter from James Monteath to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 20 February 1904. File 12559, Record Group 75. 1904b. Letter from James Monteath to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 9 September 1904. File 63264, Record Group 75. 1904c. Letter from Levi Chubbuck to Secretary of the Interior, 9 September 1904. File 9668, Record Group 48: Records of the Secretary of the Interior. 1907. Letter from CF. Larrabee to U.S. Indian Agent, Pine Ridge, South Dakota, 26 April 1907. File 48952-09-054, Record Group 75. 1915a. Letter from CL. Ellis to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 26 February 1915. File 30173-15-150, Record Group 75. 1915b. Letter from CL. Ellis to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 18 March 1915. File 30016-14-150, Record Group 75. 1915c. Report of Investigation, 9 January 1915. File 30650-15-150, Record Group 75. 1916a. Report, 3 February 1916, File 35332-16-150, Record Group 75. 1916b. Minutes of Business Council, 20 May 1916. File 13465-16-054, Record Group 75. 1916c. Petition, 24 May 1916. File 5109-16-054, Record Group 75. 1917a. Letter from Commissioner of Indian Affairs to Malcolm Clark, 27 December 1917. File 112209- 17-054, Record Group 75. 1917b. Department of the Interior, Solicitor's Opinion D- 41504, 11 July 1917. File 51 (part 2), Record Group 48: Records of the Secretary of the Interior. 1919a. Minutes of Business Council, 9 April 1919. File 4156-19-054, Record Group 75. 1919b. Minutes of Business Council, 15 August 1919. File 82537-19-054, Record Group 75. 1919c. Letter from CL. Ellis to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 24 January 1919. File 509-16-054, Record Group 75. 1920a. Letter from Commissioner of Indian Affairs to Robert J. Hamilton, n.d. File 6396-36-720, Record Group 75. 1920b. Narrative Report. Blackfeet File, Record Group 75. 1921a. Letter from Peyton Carter to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 21 May 1921. File 45433-21-150, Record Group 75. 1921b. Letter from Commissioner of Indian Affairs to Secretary of the Interior, 15 July 1921. File 52595- 24-322, Record Group 75. 1921c. Letter from Robert J. Hamilton to Secretary of the Interior, 15 April 1921. File 52595-24-322, Record Group 75. 1922a. Letter from Fred C Campbell to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 20 April 1922. File 28948-21-255, Record Group 75. 1922b. Letter from Commissioner of Indian AfTairs to M. I. McCreight, 4 March 1922. File 1435-22-054, Record Group 75. 1922c. Minutes of Business Council, 12 January 1922, File 14321-22-054, Record Group 75. 1924a. Letter from Fred C Campbell to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 10 April 1924. File 29014-24-054, Record Group 75. 1924b. Minutes of Business Council, 29 January 1924. File 29014-24-054, Record Group 75. 71
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JM*^>T^ Plains Indian Studies A COL
Page 3 and 4:
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHRO
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Contents Page EDITORS' INTRODUCTION
Page 7 and 8:
Plains Indian Studies Editors' Intr
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NUMBER 30 12:00 p.m. LUNCH 1:30 p.m
Page 11 and 12:
NUMBER 30 comprised some of the ear
Page 13 and 14:
John C. Ewers and William N. Fenton
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^9 ^^^^H/"^V^^^^H P^^B Lf// to n|[/
Page 17 and 18:
John Canfield Ewers and the Great T
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NUMBER 30 13 heavy doses of materia
Page 21 and 22:
NUMBER 30 15 sages from books and a
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NUMBER 30 sault by the medicine pip
Page 25 and 26: NUMBER 30 19 cused on archeology. T
Page 27 and 28: NUMBER 30 21 he has viewed statisti
Page 29 and 30: NUMBER 30 23 Basin Surveys, establi
Page 31 and 32: Bibliography of John C. Ewers 1932
Page 33 and 34: NUMBER 30 27 36. The Indian Trade o
Page 35 and 36: NUMBER 30 29 1966 82. Chiefs from t
Page 37 and 38: NUMBER 30 31 125. Chippewa, Cree an
Page 39 and 40: Bibhography of Waldo R. Wedel 1933
Page 41 and 42: NUMBER 30 35 43. The Missouri River
Page 43 and 44: NUMBER 30 37 1959 79. An Introducti
Page 45 and 46: NUMBER 30 39 116. House Floors and
Page 47 and 48: NUMBER 30 41 phase of the game of m
Page 49 and 50: NUMBER 30 43 FIGURE 3.—Waldo and
Page 51 and 52: NUMBER 30 45 came Jack's extensive
Page 53 and 54: An Historical Character Mythologize
Page 55 and 56: NUMBER 30 49 ruined"), since the ac
Page 57 and 58: NUMBER 30 51 a war party that happe
Page 59 and 60: NUMBER 30 The Legendary Figure An i
Page 61 and 62: NUMBER 30 their identity to anyone,
Page 63 and 64: NUMBER 30 57 as the actors approach
Page 65 and 66: Political Assimilation on the Black
Page 67 and 68: NUMBER 30 61 and daring on horse-st
Page 69 and 70: NUMBER 30 63 the incident led to hi
Page 71 and 72: NUMBER 30 65 after years of litigat
Page 73 and 74: NUMBER 30 67 vation and before the
Page 75: NUMBER 30 69 to the financially dis
Page 79 and 80: "Look at My Hair, It is Gray": Age
Page 81 and 82: NUMBER 30 75 suited potential selec
Page 83 and 84: NUMBER 30 77 THE GROS VENTRE BUSINE
Page 85 and 86: NUMBER 30 79 worked to generate sup
Page 87 and 88: NUMBER 30 81 Mountain Crows, and th
Page 89 and 90: NUMBER 30 83 validated and reinforc
Page 91 and 92: NUMBER 30 85 general. The Sun Dance
Page 93 and 94: NUMBER 30 87 spect for ritual leade
Page 95 and 96: NUMBER 30 89 and I don't know what
Page 97 and 98: NUMBER 30 91 ington, D.C: Catholic
Page 99 and 100: NUMBER 30 93 volume 12, book 1. Hou
Page 101 and 102: NUMBER 30 95 ing and travel. Yet ea
Page 103 and 104: NUMBER 30 97 place." The leadership
Page 105 and 106: NUMBER 30 99 (Imuks-ay'k-ni), from
Page 107 and 108: NUMBER 30 101 ical condition were t
Page 109 and 110: NUMBER 30 103 chiefs of the tribe.
Page 111 and 112: Laced Coats and Leather Jackets: Th
Page 113 and 114: NUMBER 30 107 fashion. Far more col
Page 115 and 116: NUMBER 30 109 On the other side of
Page 117 and 118: NUMBER 30 111 FIGURE 10.—White ma
Page 119 and 120: NUMBER 30 113 sashes and beadwork.
Page 121 and 122: NUMBER 30 115 FIGURE 13.—Oglala S
Page 123 and 124: NUMBER 30 117 Cabinet of Curiositie
Page 125 and 126: NUMBER 30 119 the period has often
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NUMBER 30 121 as physically large;
Page 129 and 130:
NUMBER 30 123 New Spain and in many
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NUMBER 30 125 ita) trader (M. Wedel
Page 133 and 134:
NUMBER 30 127 riors and have served
Page 135 and 136:
NUMBER 30 129 hunters and traders d
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NUMBER 30 131 I have seen no record
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NUMBER 30 133 effective enticements
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Shelling Corn in the Prairie-Plains
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NUMBER 30 137 FIGURE 15.—Oneota s
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NUMBER 30 It is possible that still
Page 147 and 148:
NUMBER 30 141 canvas on which they
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NUMBER 30 143 of September when the
Page 151 and 152:
NUMBER 30 gested the use of these i
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NUMBER 30 147 Shell and side A, rig
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NUMBER 30 ences, demonstrated below
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NUMBER 30 151 FIGURE 22.—Vertical
Page 159 and 160:
NUMBER 30 153 fig. 12r). Objects of
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NUMBER 30 155 editor. Aspects of Up
Page 163 and 164:
Bias in the Zooarcheological Record
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NUMBER 30 159 population in cultura
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NUMBER 30 between sites. Since so m
Page 169 and 170:
NUMBER 30 163 pling scheme used. Th
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NUMBER 30 165 MNI MNI FIGURE 25.—
Page 173 and 174:
NUMBER 30 167 taken to contribute t
Page 175 and 176:
NUMBER 30 169 Among the historic Co
Page 177 and 178:
NUMBER 30 171 etery. Keos, 1:129-13
Page 179 and 180:
Some Observations on the Central Pl
Page 181 and 182:
NUMBER 30 175 similarity in the cho
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NUMBER 30 177 N SELECTED ARCHAEOLOG
Page 185 and 186:
NUMBER 30 179 FIGURE 30.—Forest c
Page 187 and 188:
NUMBER 30 181 a long line along the
Page 189 and 190:
NUMBER 30 183 sloping ridge spurs.
Page 191 and 192:
NUMBER 30 hunting and fishing camps
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NUMBER 30 187 should reduce the num
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NUMBER 30 189 has drawn upon models
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NUMBER 30 191 Dean, Seth 1883. Anti
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Paleo-Indian Winter Subsistence Str
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NUMBER 30 195 and late Archaic peri
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NUMBER 30 197 nent is located in th
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NUMBER 30 199 1977-78 caused the ar
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NUMBER 30 201 meat caches, would un
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NUMBER 30 203 published advocating
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NUMBER 30 205 Radiometric determina
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NUMBER 30 207 of butchering. Among
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NUMBER 30 209 as hearths, along wit
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NUMBER 30 211 found. At Locality II
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NUMBER 30 213 and unifacial flake t
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NUMBER 30 extended across Beringia
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NUMBER 30 217 Irving, William N. 19
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REQUIREMENTS FOR SMITHSONIAN SERIES
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