Plains Indian Studies - Smithsonian Institution Libraries

More documents

Recommendations

Info

72 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 1926a. Letter from Fred C Campbell to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 20 January 1926. File 1592-26-054, Record Group 75. 1926b. Letter from Fred C Campbell to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 27 January 1926. File 1592-26-054, Record Group 75. 1926c. Investigation by Blair, 18 March 1926. File 15533- 26-054, Record Group 75. 1926d. Minutes of Business Council, 25 February 1926. File 13256-26-054, Record Group 75. 1932. Minutes of Business Council, 24 February 1932. File 1758-32-054, Record Group 75. 1934. Letter from Forrest Stone to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 27 March 1934. File 15500-34-737, Record Group 75. 1936a. Memorandum, 20 February 1926. File 6396-36- 720, Record Group 75. 1936b. Memorandum, 6 March 1936. File 1829-36-321, Record Group 75. 1939. Narrative Report. Blackfeet File (Fiscal), Record Group 75. Schlebecker, John T. 1963. Cattle Raising on the Plains, 1900-1961. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. Stout, Tom 1921. Montana: Its Story and Biography, III. Chicago and New York: The American Historical Society. United States, House of Representatives (H.R.) 1916. H.R. 14732: "A Bill Modifying and Amending the Act of March 1, 1907, as Relates to the Disposition of Surplus Lands of the Blackfeet Indian Reservation in Montana and for Other Purposes." United States, Senate (S) 1914. S. 5484: "A Bill Modifying and Amending the Act of March 1, 1907." 1917. S. 5612: "A Bill Modifying and Amending the Act of March 1, 1907." 1918. Senate Report 451, 65th Congress, 2nd Session. 1932. Senate Committee on Indian Affairs. In Survey of Conditions of Indians in the United States, part 23:12768-12774. Washington, D.C. United States, Statutes at Large 1907. 34 Stat. 1015, Blackfeet Allotment Act of 1907, 59th Congress, 2nd Session. 1919. 41 Stat. 3, 66th Congress, 1st Session. Wessel, Thomas 1979. Agriculture on the Reservations: The Case of the Blackfeet, 1885-1935. Journal of the West, 18 (October): 17-24.
"Look at My Hair, It is Gray": Age Grading, Ritual Authority, and Political Change among the Northern Arapahoes and Gros Ventres ABSTRACT The pre-1934 political developments among the Gros Ventres of Montana and Northern Arapahoes of Wyoming are compared to elucidate the differing ways in which they responded to the major political reorganization imposed upon them. The divergent patterns of response reflect differences between the tribes' age grade systems in interplay with differing contact experiences. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—My fieldwork and ethnohistorical research on the Northern Arapahoes was supported primarily by a Doris Duke grant in 1969-1970, a grant from the Faculty Research Foundation of CUNY in 1974-1975, a postdoctoral fellowship from the Smithsonian Institution in 1976-1977, and a postdoctoral fellowship from the Center for the History of the American Indian, Newberry Library, in 1977-1978. My fieldwork and ethnohistorical research on the Gros Ventres was supported by the American Philosophical Society in 1979 and by a grant from the National Institute on Aging in 1980. Introduction When the Northern Arapahoes of Wind River Reservation in Wyoming and the Gros Ventres Loretta Fowler, Department of Anthropology, City College of the City University of New York, Convent Avenue and 138th Street, New York, New York 10031. Loretta Fowler 73 of Fort Belknap Reservation in Montana meet at intertribal celebrations, they delight in the fact that their dialects are mutually intelligible and that they can often identify common ancestors. But they may just as often remark on the apparent differences in contemporary Gros Ventre and Arapahoe ethos; for example, native political leaders point to the contrasts in tribal politics. Reservation superintendents also have indicated that there was a basic contrast between Arapahoe and Gros Ventre political behavior during the twentieth century. By the time tribal government was reorganized under the provisions of the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, the Gros Ventres are viewed to have replaced traditional political culture with Western representative democracy. Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) officials attributed the change to extensive intermarriage with Whites (Berry, 1973). On the other hand, Arapahoes are portrayed as a people anxious to "modernize" politically but unable to learn new ways (Elkin, 1940). Differences between Gros Ventres and Arapahoes offer the Plains scholar an excellent opportunity for controlled comparison, for these two peoples are of common origin and once lived in much the same manner. However, the observations of BIA personnel do not explain adequately how and why the two tribes differ politically. While it is apparent that by the 1930s clearcut differences existed between Gros Ventre and Arapahoe political cultures, the differences cannot be identified and understood in terms of differential cultural or biological assim-
Page 1 and 2:
JM*^>T^ Plains Indian Studies A COL
Page 3 and 4:
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHRO
Page 5 and 6:
Contents Page EDITORS' INTRODUCTION
Page 7 and 8:
Plains Indian Studies Editors' Intr
Page 9 and 10:
NUMBER 30 12:00 p.m. LUNCH 1:30 p.m
Page 11 and 12:
NUMBER 30 comprised some of the ear
Page 13 and 14:
John C. Ewers and William N. Fenton
Page 15 and 16:
^9 ^^^^H/"^V^^^^H P^^B Lf// to n|[/
Page 17 and 18:
John Canfield Ewers and the Great T
Page 19 and 20:
NUMBER 30 13 heavy doses of materia
Page 21 and 22:
NUMBER 30 15 sages from books and a
Page 23 and 24:
NUMBER 30 sault by the medicine pip
Page 25 and 26:
NUMBER 30 19 cused on archeology. T
Page 27 and 28: NUMBER 30 21 he has viewed statisti
Page 29 and 30: NUMBER 30 23 Basin Surveys, establi
Page 31 and 32: Bibliography of John C. Ewers 1932
Page 33 and 34: NUMBER 30 27 36. The Indian Trade o
Page 35 and 36: NUMBER 30 29 1966 82. Chiefs from t
Page 37 and 38: NUMBER 30 31 125. Chippewa, Cree an
Page 39 and 40: Bibhography of Waldo R. Wedel 1933
Page 41 and 42: NUMBER 30 35 43. The Missouri River
Page 43 and 44: NUMBER 30 37 1959 79. An Introducti
Page 45 and 46: NUMBER 30 39 116. House Floors and
Page 47 and 48: NUMBER 30 41 phase of the game of m
Page 49 and 50: NUMBER 30 43 FIGURE 3.—Waldo and
Page 51 and 52: NUMBER 30 45 came Jack's extensive
Page 53 and 54: An Historical Character Mythologize
Page 55 and 56: NUMBER 30 49 ruined"), since the ac
Page 57 and 58: NUMBER 30 51 a war party that happe
Page 59 and 60: NUMBER 30 The Legendary Figure An i
Page 61 and 62: NUMBER 30 their identity to anyone,
Page 63 and 64: NUMBER 30 57 as the actors approach
Page 65 and 66: Political Assimilation on the Black
Page 67 and 68: NUMBER 30 61 and daring on horse-st
Page 69 and 70: NUMBER 30 63 the incident led to hi
Page 71 and 72: NUMBER 30 65 after years of litigat
Page 73 and 74: NUMBER 30 67 vation and before the
Page 75 and 76: NUMBER 30 69 to the financially dis
Page 77: NUMBER 30 Federal Records Center, D
Page 81 and 82: NUMBER 30 75 suited potential selec
Page 83 and 84: NUMBER 30 77 THE GROS VENTRE BUSINE
Page 85 and 86: NUMBER 30 79 worked to generate sup
Page 87 and 88: NUMBER 30 81 Mountain Crows, and th
Page 89 and 90: NUMBER 30 83 validated and reinforc
Page 91 and 92: NUMBER 30 85 general. The Sun Dance
Page 93 and 94: NUMBER 30 87 spect for ritual leade
Page 95 and 96: NUMBER 30 89 and I don't know what
Page 97 and 98: NUMBER 30 91 ington, D.C: Catholic
Page 99 and 100: NUMBER 30 93 volume 12, book 1. Hou
Page 101 and 102: NUMBER 30 95 ing and travel. Yet ea
Page 103 and 104: NUMBER 30 97 place." The leadership
Page 105 and 106: NUMBER 30 99 (Imuks-ay'k-ni), from
Page 107 and 108: NUMBER 30 101 ical condition were t
Page 109 and 110: NUMBER 30 103 chiefs of the tribe.
Page 111 and 112: Laced Coats and Leather Jackets: Th
Page 113 and 114: NUMBER 30 107 fashion. Far more col
Page 115 and 116: NUMBER 30 109 On the other side of
Page 117 and 118: NUMBER 30 111 FIGURE 10.—White ma
Page 119 and 120: NUMBER 30 113 sashes and beadwork.
Page 121 and 122: NUMBER 30 115 FIGURE 13.—Oglala S
Page 123 and 124: NUMBER 30 117 Cabinet of Curiositie
Page 125 and 126: NUMBER 30 119 the period has often
Page 127 and 128: NUMBER 30 121 as physically large;
Page 129 and 130:
NUMBER 30 123 New Spain and in many
Page 131 and 132:
NUMBER 30 125 ita) trader (M. Wedel
Page 133 and 134:
NUMBER 30 127 riors and have served
Page 135 and 136:
NUMBER 30 129 hunters and traders d
Page 137 and 138:
NUMBER 30 131 I have seen no record
Page 139 and 140:
NUMBER 30 133 effective enticements
Page 141 and 142:
Shelling Corn in the Prairie-Plains
Page 143 and 144:
NUMBER 30 137 FIGURE 15.—Oneota s
Page 145 and 146:
NUMBER 30 It is possible that still
Page 147 and 148:
NUMBER 30 141 canvas on which they
Page 149 and 150:
NUMBER 30 143 of September when the
Page 151 and 152:
NUMBER 30 gested the use of these i
Page 153 and 154:
NUMBER 30 147 Shell and side A, rig
Page 155 and 156:
NUMBER 30 ences, demonstrated below
Page 157 and 158:
NUMBER 30 151 FIGURE 22.—Vertical
Page 159 and 160:
NUMBER 30 153 fig. 12r). Objects of
Page 161 and 162:
NUMBER 30 155 editor. Aspects of Up
Page 163 and 164:
Bias in the Zooarcheological Record
Page 165 and 166:
NUMBER 30 159 population in cultura
Page 167 and 168:
NUMBER 30 between sites. Since so m
Page 169 and 170:
NUMBER 30 163 pling scheme used. Th
Page 171 and 172:
NUMBER 30 165 MNI MNI FIGURE 25.—
Page 173 and 174:
NUMBER 30 167 taken to contribute t
Page 175 and 176:
NUMBER 30 169 Among the historic Co
Page 177 and 178:
NUMBER 30 171 etery. Keos, 1:129-13
Page 179 and 180:
Some Observations on the Central Pl
Page 181 and 182:
NUMBER 30 175 similarity in the cho
Page 183 and 184:
NUMBER 30 177 N SELECTED ARCHAEOLOG
Page 185 and 186:
NUMBER 30 179 FIGURE 30.—Forest c
Page 187 and 188:
NUMBER 30 181 a long line along the
Page 189 and 190:
NUMBER 30 183 sloping ridge spurs.
Page 191 and 192:
NUMBER 30 hunting and fishing camps
Page 193 and 194:
NUMBER 30 187 should reduce the num
Page 195 and 196:
NUMBER 30 189 has drawn upon models
Page 197 and 198:
NUMBER 30 191 Dean, Seth 1883. Anti
Page 199 and 200:
Paleo-Indian Winter Subsistence Str
Page 201 and 202:
NUMBER 30 195 and late Archaic peri
Page 203 and 204:
NUMBER 30 197 nent is located in th
Page 205 and 206:
NUMBER 30 199 1977-78 caused the ar
Page 207 and 208:
NUMBER 30 201 meat caches, would un
Page 209 and 210:
NUMBER 30 203 published advocating
Page 211 and 212:
NUMBER 30 205 Radiometric determina
Page 213 and 214:
NUMBER 30 207 of butchering. Among
Page 215 and 216:
NUMBER 30 209 as hearths, along wit
Page 217 and 218:
NUMBER 30 211 found. At Locality II
Page 219 and 220:
NUMBER 30 213 and unifacial flake t
Page 221 and 222:
NUMBER 30 extended across Beringia
Page 223 and 224:
NUMBER 30 217 Irving, William N. 19
Page 227:
REQUIREMENTS FOR SMITHSONIAN SERIES
show all

Plains Indian Studies - Smithsonian Institution Libraries

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?