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58 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Dorsey, George A. 1904a. Traditions of the Arikara. Washington, D.C: Carnegie Institution of Washington. 1904b. Traditions of the Skidi Pawnee. Memoirs of the American Folk-Lore Society, 8. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin, and Company. 1906. The Pawnee: Mythology {Part I). Washington, D.C: Carnegie Institution of Washington. Gilmore, Melvin R. 1933. The Plight of Living Scalped Indians. Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters, 19:39- 45. Literature Cited Grinnell, George Bird 1910. Coup and Scalp among the Plains Indians. American Anthropologist, 12:296-310. Parks, Douglas R., editor 1977. Caddoan Texts. International Journal of American Linguistics Native American Texts Series, 2(1): 1-128. Weltfish, Gene 1937. Caddoan Texts: Pawnee, South Band Dialect. Publications of the American Ethnological Society, 17. New York: G.C Stechert. 1965. The Lost Universe: The Way of Life of the Pawnee. New York: Ballantine Books.
Political Assimilation on the Blackfoot Indian Reservation, 1887-1934: A Study in Survival ABSTRACT The life of Robert Hamilton, Sr., reflects many of the sociopolitical changes that occurred on the Blackfoot Reservation between 1887 and 1934. On 27 March 1934, the Superintendent of the Blackfoot Indian Reservation of Montana, Forrest Stone, wrote the Commissioner of Indian Affairs seeking aid for Robert Hamilton, Jr., a young man suffering from tuberculosis. Stone justified the request by reminding the Commissioner that "the father of this boy perhaps did as much or more for the Blackfeet tribe of Indians than any one single individual in the history of the tribe." Robert J. Hamilton, Sr., had not always received such praise from the officials of the Office of Indian Affairs. During his lifetime the government had fired him as a tribal interpreter, arrested him for horse-stealing, jailed him as a radical agitator, and had found him generally an obstruction to the smooth advance of the Blackfeet toward civilization (National Archives (NA), 1934). Robert J. Hamilton, Sr., personified a transitional generation on the Blackfoot Reservation (Figure 7). The generation of Blackfeet that reached maturity at the turn of the century was the last generation of Native Americans who had direct contact with the traditional life of a Thomas R. Wessel, Department of History and Philosophy, Montana Stale University, Bozeman, Montana 59717. Thomas R. Wessel 59 mounted hunting culture. They had not, however, reached an age that allowed them to seek their place in the tribe by traditional means before the old way of life ended. In the twentieth century, members of Hamilton's generation sought personal advancement and the retention of a society that recognized their claims to leadership. In the process, Hamilton and men like him were instrumental in transforming a tribal society, organized around personal relationships and meritorious leaders, into a political community, bound by shared political interests that commanded loyalties to new symbols and identified leadership with status. Born in the 1870s on the northwestern plains of Montana, Hamilton's lifetime spanned one of the most trying periods in Indian history. Like most Northern Plains tribes, the Blackfeet in the late nineteenth century were a loose amalgamation of hunting bands that spent most of the year in separate camps. The hunting bands were organized to take best advantage of the Plains environment. They remained small enough to feed themselves from the buffalo hunt, but large enough to afford protection from enemies. The existence of several such bands provided for individuals an alternative that relieved tension. Dissatisfaction with a band's leadership or discontent with the success of a hunt permitted members to abandon one group for another. It was a dynamic system characterized by a constant grouping and regrouping of families and kin. Band leadership was based on individual merit gained through skill as a hunter, courage in war.
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JM*^>T^ Plains Indian Studies A COL
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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHRO
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Contents Page EDITORS' INTRODUCTION
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Plains Indian Studies Editors' Intr
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NUMBER 30 12:00 p.m. LUNCH 1:30 p.m
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NUMBER 30 comprised some of the ear
Page 13 and 14: John C. Ewers and William N. Fenton
Page 15 and 16: ^9 ^^^^H/"^V^^^^H P^^B Lf// to n|[/
Page 17 and 18: John Canfield Ewers and the Great T
Page 19 and 20: NUMBER 30 13 heavy doses of materia
Page 21 and 22: NUMBER 30 15 sages from books and a
Page 23 and 24: NUMBER 30 sault by the medicine pip
Page 25 and 26: NUMBER 30 19 cused on archeology. T
Page 27 and 28: NUMBER 30 21 he has viewed statisti
Page 29 and 30: NUMBER 30 23 Basin Surveys, establi
Page 31 and 32: Bibliography of John C. Ewers 1932
Page 33 and 34: NUMBER 30 27 36. The Indian Trade o
Page 35 and 36: NUMBER 30 29 1966 82. Chiefs from t
Page 37 and 38: NUMBER 30 31 125. Chippewa, Cree an
Page 39 and 40: Bibhography of Waldo R. Wedel 1933
Page 41 and 42: NUMBER 30 35 43. The Missouri River
Page 43 and 44: NUMBER 30 37 1959 79. An Introducti
Page 45 and 46: NUMBER 30 39 116. House Floors and
Page 47 and 48: NUMBER 30 41 phase of the game of m
Page 49 and 50: NUMBER 30 43 FIGURE 3.—Waldo and
Page 51 and 52: NUMBER 30 45 came Jack's extensive
Page 53 and 54: An Historical Character Mythologize
Page 55 and 56: NUMBER 30 49 ruined"), since the ac
Page 57 and 58: NUMBER 30 51 a war party that happe
Page 59 and 60: NUMBER 30 The Legendary Figure An i
Page 61 and 62: NUMBER 30 their identity to anyone,
Page 63: NUMBER 30 57 as the actors approach
Page 67 and 68: NUMBER 30 61 and daring on horse-st
Page 69 and 70: NUMBER 30 63 the incident led to hi
Page 71 and 72: NUMBER 30 65 after years of litigat
Page 73 and 74: NUMBER 30 67 vation and before the
Page 75 and 76: NUMBER 30 69 to the financially dis
Page 77 and 78: NUMBER 30 Federal Records Center, D
Page 79 and 80: "Look at My Hair, It is Gray": Age
Page 81 and 82: NUMBER 30 75 suited potential selec
Page 83 and 84: NUMBER 30 77 THE GROS VENTRE BUSINE
Page 85 and 86: NUMBER 30 79 worked to generate sup
Page 87 and 88: NUMBER 30 81 Mountain Crows, and th
Page 89 and 90: NUMBER 30 83 validated and reinforc
Page 91 and 92: NUMBER 30 85 general. The Sun Dance
Page 93 and 94: NUMBER 30 87 spect for ritual leade
Page 95 and 96: NUMBER 30 89 and I don't know what
Page 97 and 98: NUMBER 30 91 ington, D.C: Catholic
Page 99 and 100: NUMBER 30 93 volume 12, book 1. Hou
Page 101 and 102: NUMBER 30 95 ing and travel. Yet ea
Page 103 and 104: NUMBER 30 97 place." The leadership
Page 105 and 106: NUMBER 30 99 (Imuks-ay'k-ni), from
Page 107 and 108: NUMBER 30 101 ical condition were t
Page 109 and 110: NUMBER 30 103 chiefs of the tribe.
Page 111 and 112: Laced Coats and Leather Jackets: Th
Page 113 and 114: NUMBER 30 107 fashion. Far more col
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NUMBER 30 109 On the other side of
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NUMBER 30 111 FIGURE 10.—White ma
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NUMBER 30 113 sashes and beadwork.
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NUMBER 30 115 FIGURE 13.—Oglala S
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NUMBER 30 117 Cabinet of Curiositie
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NUMBER 30 119 the period has often
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NUMBER 30 121 as physically large;
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NUMBER 30 123 New Spain and in many
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NUMBER 30 125 ita) trader (M. Wedel
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NUMBER 30 127 riors and have served
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NUMBER 30 129 hunters and traders d
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NUMBER 30 131 I have seen no record
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NUMBER 30 133 effective enticements
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Shelling Corn in the Prairie-Plains
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NUMBER 30 137 FIGURE 15.—Oneota s
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NUMBER 30 It is possible that still
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NUMBER 30 141 canvas on which they
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NUMBER 30 143 of September when the
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NUMBER 30 gested the use of these i
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NUMBER 30 147 Shell and side A, rig
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NUMBER 30 ences, demonstrated below
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NUMBER 30 151 FIGURE 22.—Vertical
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NUMBER 30 153 fig. 12r). Objects of
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NUMBER 30 155 editor. Aspects of Up
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Bias in the Zooarcheological Record
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NUMBER 30 159 population in cultura
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NUMBER 30 between sites. Since so m
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NUMBER 30 163 pling scheme used. Th
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NUMBER 30 165 MNI MNI FIGURE 25.—
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NUMBER 30 167 taken to contribute t
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NUMBER 30 169 Among the historic Co
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NUMBER 30 171 etery. Keos, 1:129-13
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Some Observations on the Central Pl
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NUMBER 30 175 similarity in the cho
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NUMBER 30 177 N SELECTED ARCHAEOLOG
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NUMBER 30 179 FIGURE 30.—Forest c
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NUMBER 30 181 a long line along the
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NUMBER 30 183 sloping ridge spurs.
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NUMBER 30 hunting and fishing camps
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NUMBER 30 187 should reduce the num
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NUMBER 30 189 has drawn upon models
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NUMBER 30 191 Dean, Seth 1883. Anti
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Paleo-Indian Winter Subsistence Str
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NUMBER 30 195 and late Archaic peri
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NUMBER 30 197 nent is located in th
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NUMBER 30 199 1977-78 caused the ar
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NUMBER 30 201 meat caches, would un
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NUMBER 30 203 published advocating
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NUMBER 30 205 Radiometric determina
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NUMBER 30 207 of butchering. Among
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NUMBER 30 209 as hearths, along wit
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NUMBER 30 211 found. At Locality II
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NUMBER 30 213 and unifacial flake t
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NUMBER 30 extended across Beringia
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NUMBER 30 217 Irving, William N. 19
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REQUIREMENTS FOR SMITHSONIAN SERIES
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