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192 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 1881b. Antiquities of the Missouri Bluffs. American Antiquarian, 3(4):27l-280. 1886a. The Lodge Dweller. American Antiquarian, 8(4):222- 228. 1886b. Pottery Vessels in Glenwood, Iowa. American Antiquarian, 8(5): 299. Roper, Donna C. 1976. A Trend-Surface Analysis of Central Plains Radiocarbon Dates. American Antiquity, 41(2): 181- 188. Sterns, Fred H. 1915. The Archaeology of Eastern Nebraska, with Special Reference to the Culture of the Rectangular Earth Lodges. Doctoral dissertation. Harvard University, Cambridge. Strong, William Duncan 1935. An Introduction to Nebraska Archeology. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 93(10): 1-315. Udden, J.A. 1902. Geology of Mills and Fremont Counties. Iowa Geological Survey, Annual Report, 1902, 13:125-183. Wedel, Waldo R. 1934 [1935]. Contributions to the Archaeology of the Upper Republican Valley, Nebraska. Nebraska History Magazine, 15(3): 132-209. 1940. Culture Sequence in the Central Great Plains. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 100:291-352. 1953. Prehistory and the Missouri Valley Development Program: Summary Report on the Missouri River Basin Archeological Survey in 1948. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin, 154:1-59. [River Basin Surveys Paper, 1.] 1959. An Introduction to Kansas Archeology. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin, 174. 1961. Prehistoric Man on the Great Plains. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 1970. Some Observations on Two House Sites in the Central Plains: An Experiment in Archaeology. Nebraska History Magazine, pages 1-28 [reprinted from volume 51(2):225-252]. 1978. George Metcalf, an Appreciation. In Donald J. Blakeslee, editor, The Central Plains Tradition: Internal Development and External Relationships. Office of the State Archaeologist Report, 11:4-5. Iowa City: University of Iowa. 1979. House Floors and Native Settlement Populations in the Central Plains. Plains Anthropologist, 24(84, l):85-98. Willey, Gordon R., and Phillip Phillips 1958. Method and Theory in American Archaeology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Wilson, Gilbert L. 1934. The Hidatsa Earthlodge. American Museum of Natural History Anthropological Papers, 33(5):340-420. Wood, Raymond W., editor 1969. Two House Sites in the Central Plains: An Experiment in Archaeology. Plains Anthropologist, 6, 14(44, pt.2): 1-132. Works Progress Administration c. 1930. Iowa's Original Forest Cover: Iowa State Planning Board, Iowa Project 1033. Original map in the Map Collection, Iowa State University Library, Ames, Iowa. Zimmerman, Larry J. 1977. Prehistoric Locational Behavior: A Computer Simulation. Office of the State Archaeologist Report, 10. Iowa City: University of Iowa.
Paleo-Indian Winter Subsistence Strategies ABSTRACT This paper suggests that Paleo-Indians utilized caches of frozen meat to survive the harsh winters of the Northern Plains. To keep the meat from spoiling, the Indians necessarily had to kill the bison in late fall or early winter. Introduction Few archeologists are concerned with the problems of prehistoric winter survival on the High Plains. Nevertheless, the homesteaders, prospectors, trappers, hunters, explorers, livestock operators, and others who lived through the early days on the High Plains certainly regarded winter as treacherous. Failure to make the proper preparations for winter was playing dangerous odds with serious consequences. Even during the first quarter of this century, such things as insulated footwear, fast, comfortable cold-weather transportation, and easily available, concentrated foods were yet unknown. Few, if any, of the present generation experienced the feeling of wellbeing that resulted from the availability of simple insulated footgear after World War II. No longer was the person who worked outdoors in winter forced to carefully prepare his or her footgear each day, or else suffer the nagging misery of cold feet. Improper attention to footgear could result George C. Prison, Department of Anthropology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071. on the High Plains George C. Prison 193 in a bad case of frost bite that could cripple an individual for life. Winters on the High Plains are unpredictable from year to year. One or, especially, a series of easy or "open" winters tended to lead the human occupants into the trap of improper summer and fall preparation. When relatively mild temperatures and light snow cover resulted in a very pleasant winter, human travel was easy, game animals were easily available, and a good share of day-to-day activity could be comfortably carried on outside. On the other hand, severe winter conditions brought on different reactions. Long periods of deep snow, high winds, and below-zero chill factors required a different and very serious approach to avoid extreme discomfort or even loss of life. The assumption here is that these pioneer conditions can be generalized to the Paleo-Indian period. The only safe survival strategy was to regard each coming winter as bad, and prepare accordingly. This philosophy of winter subsistence required enough food to allow for the most unfavorable conditions; since winters did vary in intensity, there was often some food left. In the case of postulated frozen meat caches in the Paleo- Indian period, the surplus spoiled with the arrival of warm weather. There is some evidence that strongly suggests this was the case. Late Prehistoric and Historic Winter Subsistence Drying meat for winter use has been well documented for Indian groups of the historic period.
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JM*^>T^ Plains Indian Studies A COL
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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHRO
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Contents Page EDITORS' INTRODUCTION
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Plains Indian Studies Editors' Intr
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NUMBER 30 12:00 p.m. LUNCH 1:30 p.m
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NUMBER 30 comprised some of the ear
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John C. Ewers and William N. Fenton
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^9 ^^^^H/"^V^^^^H P^^B Lf// to n|[/
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John Canfield Ewers and the Great T
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NUMBER 30 13 heavy doses of materia
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NUMBER 30 15 sages from books and a
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NUMBER 30 sault by the medicine pip
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NUMBER 30 19 cused on archeology. T
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NUMBER 30 21 he has viewed statisti
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NUMBER 30 23 Basin Surveys, establi
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Bibliography of John C. Ewers 1932
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NUMBER 30 27 36. The Indian Trade o
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NUMBER 30 29 1966 82. Chiefs from t
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NUMBER 30 31 125. Chippewa, Cree an
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Bibhography of Waldo R. Wedel 1933
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NUMBER 30 35 43. The Missouri River
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NUMBER 30 37 1959 79. An Introducti
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NUMBER 30 39 116. House Floors and
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NUMBER 30 41 phase of the game of m
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NUMBER 30 43 FIGURE 3.—Waldo and
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NUMBER 30 45 came Jack's extensive
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An Historical Character Mythologize
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NUMBER 30 49 ruined"), since the ac
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NUMBER 30 51 a war party that happe
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NUMBER 30 The Legendary Figure An i
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NUMBER 30 their identity to anyone,
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NUMBER 30 57 as the actors approach
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Political Assimilation on the Black
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NUMBER 30 61 and daring on horse-st
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NUMBER 30 63 the incident led to hi
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NUMBER 30 65 after years of litigat
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NUMBER 30 67 vation and before the
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NUMBER 30 69 to the financially dis
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NUMBER 30 Federal Records Center, D
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"Look at My Hair, It is Gray": Age
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NUMBER 30 75 suited potential selec
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NUMBER 30 77 THE GROS VENTRE BUSINE
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NUMBER 30 79 worked to generate sup
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NUMBER 30 81 Mountain Crows, and th
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NUMBER 30 83 validated and reinforc
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NUMBER 30 85 general. The Sun Dance
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NUMBER 30 87 spect for ritual leade
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NUMBER 30 89 and I don't know what
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NUMBER 30 91 ington, D.C: Catholic
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NUMBER 30 93 volume 12, book 1. Hou
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NUMBER 30 95 ing and travel. Yet ea
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NUMBER 30 97 place." The leadership
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NUMBER 30 99 (Imuks-ay'k-ni), from
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NUMBER 30 101 ical condition were t
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NUMBER 30 103 chiefs of the tribe.
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Laced Coats and Leather Jackets: Th
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NUMBER 30 107 fashion. Far more col
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NUMBER 30 109 On the other side of
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NUMBER 30 111 FIGURE 10.—White ma
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NUMBER 30 113 sashes and beadwork.
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NUMBER 30 115 FIGURE 13.—Oglala S
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NUMBER 30 117 Cabinet of Curiositie
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NUMBER 30 119 the period has often
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NUMBER 30 121 as physically large;
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NUMBER 30 123 New Spain and in many
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NUMBER 30 125 ita) trader (M. Wedel
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NUMBER 30 127 riors and have served
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NUMBER 30 129 hunters and traders d
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NUMBER 30 131 I have seen no record
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NUMBER 30 133 effective enticements
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Shelling Corn in the Prairie-Plains
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NUMBER 30 137 FIGURE 15.—Oneota s
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NUMBER 30 It is possible that still
Page 147 and 148: NUMBER 30 141 canvas on which they
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Page 151 and 152: NUMBER 30 gested the use of these i
Page 153 and 154: NUMBER 30 147 Shell and side A, rig
Page 155 and 156: NUMBER 30 ences, demonstrated below
Page 157 and 158: NUMBER 30 151 FIGURE 22.—Vertical
Page 159 and 160: NUMBER 30 153 fig. 12r). Objects of
Page 161 and 162: NUMBER 30 155 editor. Aspects of Up
Page 163 and 164: Bias in the Zooarcheological Record
Page 165 and 166: NUMBER 30 159 population in cultura
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Page 169 and 170: NUMBER 30 163 pling scheme used. Th
Page 171 and 172: NUMBER 30 165 MNI MNI FIGURE 25.—
Page 173 and 174: NUMBER 30 167 taken to contribute t
Page 175 and 176: NUMBER 30 169 Among the historic Co
Page 177 and 178: NUMBER 30 171 etery. Keos, 1:129-13
Page 179 and 180: Some Observations on the Central Pl
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Page 183 and 184: NUMBER 30 177 N SELECTED ARCHAEOLOG
Page 185 and 186: NUMBER 30 179 FIGURE 30.—Forest c
Page 187 and 188: NUMBER 30 181 a long line along the
Page 189 and 190: NUMBER 30 183 sloping ridge spurs.
Page 191 and 192: NUMBER 30 hunting and fishing camps
Page 193 and 194: NUMBER 30 187 should reduce the num
Page 195 and 196: NUMBER 30 189 has drawn upon models
Page 197: NUMBER 30 191 Dean, Seth 1883. Anti
Page 201 and 202: NUMBER 30 195 and late Archaic peri
Page 203 and 204: NUMBER 30 197 nent is located in th
Page 205 and 206: NUMBER 30 199 1977-78 caused the ar
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Page 211 and 212: NUMBER 30 205 Radiometric determina
Page 213 and 214: NUMBER 30 207 of butchering. Among
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Page 217 and 218: NUMBER 30 211 found. At Locality II
Page 219 and 220: NUMBER 30 213 and unifacial flake t
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Page 223 and 224: NUMBER 30 217 Irving, William N. 19
Page 227: REQUIREMENTS FOR SMITHSONIAN SERIES
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