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2,500 _ st2-st4 El st5 0 st6 [_ pupa ,ooo "-" b b b bc 0.> --m 7 bc _ "I"--7 .----. :_ 1,5oo d d _ _..a..4 @ 7 ...... -8,,'q /-'-7 _ .....-," ...... l".b',.,_ ...... a.," an',._ E ....._'1 ' "t '\,a\. : x ._ _9_O >: .,. _t ._ - - i ._-.I "
development time that they obtained from feeding pollen during their early stages of developrnent. On the other tland, when old larvae dispersed to the lower crown section, they avoided the negative effects of backfeeding, but they lost the advantage in development time that they obtained from feeding on pollen. Results from this study indicated that the production of staminate flowers by balsam fir trees could have opposite effects on spruce budworm population dynamics depending upon the insect population density when flowering occurs. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We wish to thank M. Charest, M. Crdpin, D. Verge, G. Moreau, J.F. Demers, S. Perreault, C. Paquet, I. Cord, J. Forest, L. Roy, and M. Marin for technical assistance during insect rearings. Insects were supplied by the Insect Production Unit of the Forest Pest Management Institute, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada. Financial support came from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. LITERATURE CITED BATZER, H.O. and JENNtNG, DT. 1980. Numerical analysis of a jack pine budworm outbreak .in various densities of jack pine. Environ. Entomol. 9: 514-524. BAUCE, E. 1986. I_tude des variations de teneur en fibre brute du feuillage de sapin baumier, Abies bals'ames (L.) Mill., induites par diffErents facteurs de stress et leurs implications sur la tordeuse des bourgeons de l'dpinette, ChoristoHeurafumiferana (Clem.). M.Sc, thesis, Universit6 Laval, Ste-Foy (Quebec), Canada, 54 p. BAUCE, E., CREPIN, M., and CARISEY, N. 1994. Spruce budworm growth, development and food utilization on young and old balsam fir trees. Oecologia (in press). BLAIS, JR. 1952. The relationship of the spruce budworm to the flowering condition of balsam fir. Can. J. Zoot. 30:1-29. BELANGER, L., DUCRUC, J.R, and PINEAU, M 1983. Analyses et commentaires. Proposition d'uhne mdthodologie d'inventaire dcologique adaptde au territoire forestier pdriurbain. Nat. Can. 110: 459-476. GRAHAM, S.A. 1935. The spruce budworm on Michigan pine. University of Michigan, School of Forest Conservation, Bull No 6. GRANDTNER, MM. 1966. La vdgdtation fbrestiare du Qudbec mdridional. Universitd Laval, Ste-Foy (Qudbec), Canada. GREENBANK, D.O. 1963. S taminate flowers and the spruce budworm. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 31: 202-218. JAYNES, H.A. and SPEERS, C.F. 1949. Biological and ecological studies of spruce budworm. J. Econ. Entomol. 42: 221- 225. LEJEUNE, R.R. 1950. The effect of jack pine staminate flowers on the size of larvae of the jack pine budworm. Can. Ent. 82: 34-43. LEJEUNE, R.R. and BLACK, W.E 1950. Populations of larvae of the jack pine budworm. For. Chron. 26: 152-156. MATTSON, W.J., HAACK, R.A., LAWRENCE, R.K., and SLOCUM, S.S. 1991. Considering the nutritional ecology of spruce budworm in its management. For. Ecol. Manage. 39: 183-2110. MILLER, C.A. 1957. A technique for estimating the fecundity of natural populations of spruce budworm. Can. J. Zool. 35: 1-13. SAS INSTITUTE. 1988. SAS user's guide; statistics. 1988. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC. 95
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DYNAMICS OF FOREST HERBIVORY: QUEST
Page 5 and 6:
TABLE OF CONTENTS Seeking The Rules
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32. Companion planting of the nitro
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GRIMALSKY, ¥.I., Research Institut
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POUTTU, ANTTI, Finnish Forest Resea
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persist in mature leaves and affect
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THE SINK-SOURCE HYPOTHESIS: TYPE AN
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late season defoliation decreases t
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BLANCHE, C.A., LORIO, EL., Jr., SOM
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NIEMELA, R, TUOMI, J,, and LOJANDER
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induced reactions have been studied
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summer, but the other sawfly specie
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LARSSON, S., BJ(_RKMAN, C., and GRE
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STAND AND LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY AS A
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not related to resistance to the se
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In contrast to the situation in eas
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ROOT, R.B. 1973. Organization of a
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We tlhus neglect two potential sour
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c__ c__ 1T1 Ill a) a) 0 0 0 e 1 o e
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c_ >l.s S S S m N < DN DN < D c DN
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:hen k > 0 suggest that the cue or
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oth as protective weapons and as po
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DEFENSE THEORIES AND BIRCH RESISTAN
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P 45 A L 40 A T 35 A B 30 I L 25 I
Page 54 and 55: However, hares showed strong prefer
Page 56 and 57: DUGLE, J.A. 1966. A taxonomic study
Page 58 and 59: accommodate findings related to mic
Page 60 and 61: Table l.--Mean ±S.E. area eaten by
Page 62 and 63: Sulfhydryl-Disulfide Mechanisms In
Page 64 and 65: Iraa prior experimental analysis of
Page 66 and 67: FRAZIER, J.L. and HEITZ, J.R. 1975.
Page 68 and 69: REICHARD, R 1993. From RNA to DNA,
Page 70 and 71: ; trees, and between and within ind
Page 72 and 73: Encapsulated objects are data struc
Page 74 and 75: _re3.--The Lignum model can be cont
Page 76 and 77: SEVERE DEFOLIATION Tree Fine Root +
Page 78 and 79: RUMBAUGH, J., BLAHA, M., PREMERLANI
Page 80 and 81: oo0 a b ol ¢' _achiman_i ()® 1,eA
Page 82 and 83: 1000 Conspicuous Defo i at ion 100
Page 84 and 85: 2.oo 2.oo o t 4 t ¢._ e'- 1.80 1.8
Page 86 and 87: Qualitative Changes in [,eaves and
Page 88 and 89: t00 2 Yr 1 Yr o_ 80 Treatment Treat
Page 90 and 91: Table 2.--Body size of Q. purzctate
Page 92 and 93: 06 b AddedBSA < 04 _ 2rag -'=' i:3
Page 94 and 95: Severe Defol iat ion Site-A 1993 _
Page 96 and 97: KAMATA, N. and IGARASHI, M. 1995b.
Page 98 and 99: enclosure %r 20 post-diapausing sec
Page 100 and 101: 2,500 F 000 F NF NF b _7 a _;_ a _7
Page 102 and 103: 8O D 09 i 4,'.) F AS4L a Z___7 2o !
Page 106 and 107: 96 SLANSKY, E, Jr. 1990. Insect nut
Page 108 and 109: later, we selected one more floweri
Page 110 and 111: Table 2.---Mean spruce budworm perf
Page 112 and 113: Table 3..--Mean spruce budworm perf
Page 114 and 115: FOLIVORE FEEDING ON MALE CONIFER FL
Page 116 and 117: Table 3.--Lymantria monacha prefere
Page 118 and 119: 500- 400- i 300 v ¢ m a 200- I00 L
Page 120 and 121: From the point of view of trees, th
Page 122 and 123: THE BLACKMARGINED APHID AS A KEYSTO
Page 124 and 125: Wood et al. (1987) report that M. c
Page 126 and 127: MIZELL, R.E 1991. Pesticides and be
Page 128 and 129: METHODS Study Site The study took p
Page 130 and 131: the samples. Fertilization had subs
Page 132 and 133: Table 2.--Percent nutrient content
Page 134 and 135: Some tree responses to fertilizatio
Page 136 and 137: PHYTOCHEMICAL PROTECTION AND NATURA
Page 138 and 139: Indirect effects of abiotic factors
Page 140 and 141: HUNTER, M.D. and PRICE, P.W. 1992.
Page 142 and 143: A° ADDITIVE C. HYBRID SUSCEPTIBILI
Page 144 and 145: Galls, leaf miners, or leaf folds w
Page 146 and 147: Table 2.--Summary of the hypotheses
Page 148 and 149: the inheritance patterns of seconda
Page 150 and 151: FLOATE, K.D. and WHITHAM, T.G. 1993
Page 152 and 153: Elements of the Suitability/Defense
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Table l.--Comparing the mean number
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors sincer
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SINGH, D.R 1986_ Breeding for resis
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The objectives of this presentation
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Table 1.--Average weevil attack on
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1977, Kline and Mitchell 1979, Wood
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Further research is underway to cla
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A SUGI CLONE HIGHLY PALATABLE TO HA
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RESULTS Seasonal Stability of Palat
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-
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OGAWA, A., NAGATA, Y., and SUKENO,
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Field Work In
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Laboratory Procedures The week afte
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E 120 Nogent-sur-Vernisson Remnings
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Interdependence Between Reaction Zo
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alance hypothesis (Lorio 1986) cann
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SOLHEIM, H., LANGSTROM, B., and HEL
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In a second experiment, three 30-ye
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Considering biochemical pathways, i
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- = 120 N /'_" =40 1/ _ j Days 0 _
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BIGGS, A.R. 1985. Suberized boundar
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DIFFERENTIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF WHIT
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Table 2.--Mortality of white fir pr
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Results from the geographic range p
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esulting seedlings were then rooted
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-0.2 0 5 82. _j -0,4 e a a a D4 E I
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1960, Kalkstein 1976). Increased su
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RYAN, B.F., JOtNER, B.L., and RYAN,
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It is seldom feasible to control wa
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15 15 u. 10 |O O N tal 5 5 g ao o 4
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Only recently have we conducted stu
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esistance to beetle attack. Another
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LORIO, EL., Jr'. and HODGES, J.D. 1
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EFFECTS OF ROOT INHABITING INSECT-F
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OCCURRENCE OF ROOT AND STEM SUBCORT
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]Predisposition of Root-infected Tr
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chemistry associated with root colo
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Implications to Natural Resource Ma
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KLEPZIG, K.D., RAFFA, K.F., and SMA
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RAFFA, K.F., PHILLIPS, T., and SALO
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METHODS The study was installed in
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FURNISS, M.M., LIVINGSTON, R.L., an
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METHODS In the spring and summer of
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The importance of a compound as a r
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WERNER, R.A. 1995. Toxicity and rep
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41 40 42 \ 4t 42 41 42 ",,,\ 42 40
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Table 1.--Summary data for the 26 p
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One weakness of using data from gen
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Lower Peninsula (populations 14-26)
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AUCLAIR, A.ND., WORREST, R.C., LACH
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KELLOMAKI, S., HANNINEN, H., and KO
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WARGO, RM. and HAACK, R.A. 1991. Un
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investigation. Sampling was done on
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Figure 2.--Changes in protein preci
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q) J 400 T J ! i i i i o control tr
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attacked trees than in control tree
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ACIDIC DEPOSITION, DROUGHT, AND INS
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Table 1.--Impact of acidic fog upon
Page 270 and 271:
MENGEL, K., BREININGER, T., and LUT
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THE RESISTANCE OF SCOTCH PINE TO DE
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EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Experiments we
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C w Q. 1,200 1,000 o 800 C_ --- 600
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0 .................................
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FONTAtNE, R.G. 1985. Forty years of
Page 282 and 283:
Host Defenses An important componen
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Functional Heterogeneity of Forest
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The Connectivity Index (CI). The CI
Page 288 and 289:
FUNCTIONAL HETEROGENEITYANALYSIS :
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The Modified Hazard Map. The next l
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systems facilitate mapping of fores
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KOLASA, J. and ROLLO, C.D. 1991. In
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) i,i_i)i_)i_i_ U.S. Departme_]t of
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