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AUCLAIR, A.ND., WORREST, R.C., LACHANCE, D., and MARTIN, H.C. 1992. Climatic perturbations as a general mechanism of forest dieback, p. 38-58. In Manion, P.D. and Lachance, D., eds. Forest Decline Concepts, American Phytopathological Society Press, St. Paul, Minnesota. AUCLAtR, A.N.D., LILL, J.T., and REVENGA, C. 1995. The role of climate variability and global warming in the dieback of northern hardwoods. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution (In press). AYRES, M.P. 1993. Plant defense, herbivory, and climate change, p. 75-94. In Kareiva, RM., Kingsolver, J.G., and Huey, R.B., eds. Biotic Interactions and Global Change. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts. BALCH, R.E. and PREBBLE, J.S. 1940. The bronze birch borer and its relation to the dying of birch in New Brunswick forests. For. Chron. t6: 179-201. BALL, J. and SIMMONS, G. 1980. The relationship between bronze birch borer and birch dieback. J. Arbor. 6:309-314. BARTER, G.W. 1957. Studies on the bronze birch borer, Agrilus anxius Gory, in New Brunswick. Can. Entomol. 89: 12- 36. BARTER, G.W. t 965. Survival and development of the bronze poplar borer Agrilus liragus Barter and Brown (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Can. Entomol. 997' 1063-1068. BENGTSSON, L. 1994. Climate change: Climate of the 21st century. Agric. For. Meteorol. 72: 3-29. BEUKER, E. 1994. Long-term effects of temperature on the wood production of Pinus sylvestris L. and Picea abies (L.) Karst. in old provenance experiments. Scand. J. For. Res. 9: 34-45. BOTKIN, D.B. and NISBET, R.A. 1992. Projecting the effects of climate change on biological diversity in forests, p. 277- 293. In Peters, R.L. and Lovejoy, T.E., eds. Global Warming and Biological Diversity. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, CT. BRAATHE, R 1995. Birch dieback - caused by prolonged early spring thaws and subsequent frost. Norwegian J. Agric. Sci. Supple. No. 20: 1-59. CAMMELL, M.G. and KNIGHT, J.D. 1992. Effects of climatic change on the population dynamics of crop pests. Adv. Ecol. Res. 22: 117-162. CANNELL, M.G.R., GRACE, J., and BOOTH, A. 1989. Possible impacts of climatic warming on trees and forests in the United Kingdom: a review. Forestry 62: 337-364. CARLSON, R.W. and KNIGHT, F.B. 1969. Biology, taxonomy, and evolution of four sympatric Agrilus beetles borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Contrib. Amer. Entom_ol.Inst. 4: 1-105. CHITTENDEN, F.H. t898. A destructive borer enemy of birch trees, with notes on related species. U.S. Dep. Agric. Div. Entomol. Bull (new series) 18:44-51. CLARK, J. and BARTER, G.W. 1958. Growth and climate in relation to dieback of yellow birch. For. Sci. 4: 343-363. DEWAR, R.C. and WATT, A.D. 1992. Predicted changes in the synchrony of larval emergence and budburst under climatic warming. Oecologia 89: 557-559. EICHENLAUB, V.L., HARMAN, J.R., NURNBERGER, F.V.; and STOLLE, H.J. 1990. The Climatic Atlas of Michigan. University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, Indiana. 165 p. FARMER, R.E., Jr. 1993. Latitudinal variation in height and phenology of balsam poplar. Silvae Genetica 42: 148-153. 243
FLEMING, R.A. and VOLNEY, W.J.A. 1995. Effects of climate change on insect defoliator population processes in Canada's boreal forest: Some plausible scenarios. Water Air Soil Pollut. 82: 445-454. FRANKLIN, J.F., SWANSON, F.J., HARMON, M.E., PERRY, D.A., SPIES, T.A., DALE, V.H., MCKEE, A., FERRELL, W.K., MEANS, J.E., GREGORY, S.V., LATTIN, J.D., SCHOWALTER, T.D., and LARSEN, D. 1992. Effects of global climatic change on forests in northwestern North America, p. 244-257. In Peters, R.L. and Lovejoy, T.E., eds. Global Warming and Biological Diversity. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, CT. HAACK, R.A. 1992. Tree-stress-buprestid interactions: Our current understanding and future needs, p. 75-76. In Allen, D.C. and Abrahamson, L.E, eds. Proceedings: North American Forest Insect Work Conference. 25-28 March 1991, Denver, CO. U.S. Dep. Agric. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-294. HAACK, R.A. and ACCIAVATTI, R. E. 1992. Twolined chestnut borer. U.S. Dep. Agric. For. Serv. Forest Insect and Disease Leaflet I68. 12 p. HAACK, R.A. and BENJAMIN, D.M. 1982. The biology and ecology of the twolined chestnut borer, Agrilus bilineatus (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), on oaks, Quercus spp., in Wisconsin. Can. Entomol. 114:385-396. HAACK, R.A. and BYLER, J.W. 1993. Insects and pathogens: regulators of forest ecosystems. J. For. 91 (9): 32-37. HAACK, R.A. and MATTSON, W.J. 1989. The long, hot summer of '88: They nibbled while the forests burned. Natural History (January) 56-57 HAACK, R.A. and SLANSKY, F. 1987. Nutritional ecology of wood-feeding Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and Hymenoptera, p. 449-486. In Slansky, F. and Rodriguez, J.G., eds. Nutritional Ecology of Insects, Mites, and Spiders. John Wiley, New York. HAWBOLDT, L.S. 1947. Aspects of yellow birch dieback in Nova Scotia. J. For. 45: 414-422. HEDDEN, R.L. 1989. Global climate change: Implications for silviculture and pest management, p. 555-562. In Proceedings, Fifth Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference. U.S. Dep. Agric. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-74. HERMS, D.A. 1991. Variation in resource allocation patterns of paper birch: Evidence for physiological tradeoffs among growth, reproduction and defense. Ph.D. Dissertation, Michigan State University, Department of Entomology, East Lansing, MI. HERMS, D.A. and MATTSON, W.J. 1991. Does reproduction compromise defense in woody plants? p. 35-46. In Baranchikov, Y.N., Mattson, W.J., Hain, F.R, and Payne, T.L., eds. Forest Insect Guilds: Patterns of Interaction with Host Trees. U.S. Dep. Agric. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-153. HERMS, D.A. and MATTSON, W.J. 1992. The dilemma of plants: To grow or defend. Quart. Rev. Biol. 67: 283-335. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 1992. The Supplementary Report to the IPCC Scientific Assessment. Houghton, J.T., Callander, B.A., and Varney, S.K., eds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 198 p. JONES, E.A., REED, D.D., MROZ, G.D., LIECHTY, H.O., and CATTELINO, RJ. 1993. Climate stress as a precursor to forest decline: paper birch in northern Michigan, 1985-1990. Can. J. For. Res. 23: 229-233. JONES, E.A., REED, D.D., and DESANKER, RV. 1994. Ecological implications of projected climate change scenarios in forest ecosystems of central North America. Agric. For. Meteorol. 72:31-46. KARL, T.R., HEIM, JR., R.H., and QUAYLE, R.G. 1991. The greenhouse effect in central North America: If not now, when? Science 251" 1058-1061. 244 :_: i
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DYNAMICS OF FOREST HERBIVORY: QUEST
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Seeking The Rules
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32. Companion planting of the nitro
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GRIMALSKY, ¥.I., Research Institut
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POUTTU, ANTTI, Finnish Forest Resea
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persist in mature leaves and affect
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THE SINK-SOURCE HYPOTHESIS: TYPE AN
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late season defoliation decreases t
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BLANCHE, C.A., LORIO, EL., Jr., SOM
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NIEMELA, R, TUOMI, J,, and LOJANDER
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induced reactions have been studied
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summer, but the other sawfly specie
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LARSSON, S., BJ(_RKMAN, C., and GRE
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STAND AND LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY AS A
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not related to resistance to the se
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In contrast to the situation in eas
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ROOT, R.B. 1973. Organization of a
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We tlhus neglect two potential sour
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c__ c__ 1T1 Ill a) a) 0 0 0 e 1 o e
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c_ >l.s S S S m N < DN DN < D c DN
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:hen k > 0 suggest that the cue or
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oth as protective weapons and as po
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DEFENSE THEORIES AND BIRCH RESISTAN
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P 45 A L 40 A T 35 A B 30 I L 25 I
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However, hares showed strong prefer
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DUGLE, J.A. 1966. A taxonomic study
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accommodate findings related to mic
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Table l.--Mean ±S.E. area eaten by
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Sulfhydryl-Disulfide Mechanisms In
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Iraa prior experimental analysis of
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FRAZIER, J.L. and HEITZ, J.R. 1975.
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REICHARD, R 1993. From RNA to DNA,
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; trees, and between and within ind
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Encapsulated objects are data struc
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_re3.--The Lignum model can be cont
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SEVERE DEFOLIATION Tree Fine Root +
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RUMBAUGH, J., BLAHA, M., PREMERLANI
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oo0 a b ol ¢' _achiman_i ()® 1,eA
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1000 Conspicuous Defo i at ion 100
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2.oo 2.oo o t 4 t ¢._ e'- 1.80 1.8
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Qualitative Changes in [,eaves and
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t00 2 Yr 1 Yr o_ 80 Treatment Treat
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Table 2.--Body size of Q. purzctate
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06 b AddedBSA < 04 _ 2rag -'=' i:3
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Severe Defol iat ion Site-A 1993 _
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KAMATA, N. and IGARASHI, M. 1995b.
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enclosure %r 20 post-diapausing sec
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2,500 F 000 F NF NF b _7 a _;_ a _7
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8O D 09 i 4,'.) F AS4L a Z___7 2o !
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2,500 _ st2-st4 El st5 0 st6 [_ pup
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96 SLANSKY, E, Jr. 1990. Insect nut
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later, we selected one more floweri
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Table 2.---Mean spruce budworm perf
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Table 3..--Mean spruce budworm perf
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FOLIVORE FEEDING ON MALE CONIFER FL
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Table 3.--Lymantria monacha prefere
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500- 400- i 300 v ¢ m a 200- I00 L
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From the point of view of trees, th
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THE BLACKMARGINED APHID AS A KEYSTO
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Wood et al. (1987) report that M. c
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MIZELL, R.E 1991. Pesticides and be
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METHODS Study Site The study took p
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the samples. Fertilization had subs
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Table 2.--Percent nutrient content
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Some tree responses to fertilizatio
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PHYTOCHEMICAL PROTECTION AND NATURA
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Indirect effects of abiotic factors
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HUNTER, M.D. and PRICE, P.W. 1992.
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A° ADDITIVE C. HYBRID SUSCEPTIBILI
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Galls, leaf miners, or leaf folds w
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Table 2.--Summary of the hypotheses
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the inheritance patterns of seconda
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FLOATE, K.D. and WHITHAM, T.G. 1993
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Elements of the Suitability/Defense
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Table l.--Comparing the mean number
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors sincer
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SINGH, D.R 1986_ Breeding for resis
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The objectives of this presentation
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Table 1.--Average weevil attack on
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1977, Kline and Mitchell 1979, Wood
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Further research is underway to cla
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A SUGI CLONE HIGHLY PALATABLE TO HA
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RESULTS Seasonal Stability of Palat
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-
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OGAWA, A., NAGATA, Y., and SUKENO,
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Field Work In
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Laboratory Procedures The week afte
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E 120 Nogent-sur-Vernisson Remnings
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Interdependence Between Reaction Zo
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alance hypothesis (Lorio 1986) cann
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SOLHEIM, H., LANGSTROM, B., and HEL
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In a second experiment, three 30-ye
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Considering biochemical pathways, i
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- = 120 N /'_" =40 1/ _ j Days 0 _
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BIGGS, A.R. 1985. Suberized boundar
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DIFFERENTIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF WHIT
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Table 2.--Mortality of white fir pr
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Results from the geographic range p
Page 202 and 203: esulting seedlings were then rooted
Page 204 and 205: -0.2 0 5 82. _j -0,4 e a a a D4 E I
Page 206 and 207: 1960, Kalkstein 1976). Increased su
Page 208 and 209: RYAN, B.F., JOtNER, B.L., and RYAN,
Page 210 and 211: It is seldom feasible to control wa
Page 212 and 213: 15 15 u. 10 |O O N tal 5 5 g ao o 4
Page 214 and 215: Only recently have we conducted stu
Page 216 and 217: esistance to beetle attack. Another
Page 218 and 219: LORIO, EL., Jr'. and HODGES, J.D. 1
Page 220 and 221: EFFECTS OF ROOT INHABITING INSECT-F
Page 222 and 223: OCCURRENCE OF ROOT AND STEM SUBCORT
Page 224 and 225: ]Predisposition of Root-infected Tr
Page 226 and 227: chemistry associated with root colo
Page 228 and 229: Implications to Natural Resource Ma
Page 230 and 231: KLEPZIG, K.D., RAFFA, K.F., and SMA
Page 232 and 233: RAFFA, K.F., PHILLIPS, T., and SALO
Page 234 and 235: METHODS The study was installed in
Page 236 and 237: FURNISS, M.M., LIVINGSTON, R.L., an
Page 238 and 239: METHODS In the spring and summer of
Page 240 and 241: The importance of a compound as a r
Page 242 and 243: WERNER, R.A. 1995. Toxicity and rep
Page 244 and 245: 41 40 42 \ 4t 42 41 42 ",,,\ 42 40
Page 246 and 247: Table 1.--Summary data for the 26 p
Page 248 and 249: One weakness of using data from gen
Page 250 and 251: Lower Peninsula (populations 14-26)
Page 254 and 255: KELLOMAKI, S., HANNINEN, H., and KO
Page 256 and 257: WARGO, RM. and HAACK, R.A. 1991. Un
Page 258 and 259: investigation. Sampling was done on
Page 260 and 261: Figure 2.--Changes in protein preci
Page 262 and 263: q) J 400 T J ! i i i i o control tr
Page 264 and 265: attacked trees than in control tree
Page 266 and 267: ACIDIC DEPOSITION, DROUGHT, AND INS
Page 268 and 269: Table 1.--Impact of acidic fog upon
Page 270 and 271: MENGEL, K., BREININGER, T., and LUT
Page 272 and 273: THE RESISTANCE OF SCOTCH PINE TO DE
Page 274 and 275: EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Experiments we
Page 276 and 277: C w Q. 1,200 1,000 o 800 C_ --- 600
Page 278 and 279: 0 .................................
Page 280 and 281: FONTAtNE, R.G. 1985. Forty years of
Page 282 and 283: Host Defenses An important componen
Page 284 and 285: Functional Heterogeneity of Forest
Page 286 and 287: The Connectivity Index (CI). The CI
Page 288 and 289: FUNCTIONAL HETEROGENEITYANALYSIS :
Page 290 and 291: The Modified Hazard Map. The next l
Page 292 and 293: systems facilitate mapping of fores
Page 294 and 295: KOLASA, J. and ROLLO, C.D. 1991. In
Page 296: ) i,i_i)i_)i_i_ U.S. Departme_]t of
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