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development time that they obtained from feeding pollen during their early stages of developrnent. On the other<br />
tland, when old larvae dispersed to the lower crown section, they avoided the negative effects of backfeeding, but they lost<br />
the advantage in development time that they obtained from feeding on pollen. Results from <strong>this</strong> study indicated that the<br />
production of staminate flowers by balsam fir trees could have opposite effects on spruce budw<strong>or</strong>m population dynamics<br />
depending upon the insect population density when flowering occurs.<br />
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS<br />
We wish to thank M. Charest, M. Crdpin, D. Verge, G. M<strong>or</strong>eau, J.F. Demers, S. Perreault, C. Paquet, I. C<strong>or</strong>d, J.<br />
F<strong>or</strong>est, L. Roy, and M. Marin f<strong>or</strong> technical assistance during insect rearings. Insects were supplied by the Insect Production<br />
Unit of the F<strong>or</strong>est Pest Management Institute, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada. Financial supp<strong>or</strong>t came from the Natural<br />
Sciences and Engineering <strong>Research</strong> Council of Canada.<br />
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