View or print this publication - Northern Research Station - USDA ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

RAFFA, K.F., PHILLIPS, T., and SALOM, S. 1993. Strategies and mechanisms of host colonization by bark beetles, p. 103- 128. In Schowalter, T.O. and Filip, G., eds. Beetle-Pathogen Interactions in Conifer Forests. Academic Press, New York. REICH, RB., WALTERS, M.B., KRAUSE, S.C., VANDERKLEIN, D.W., RAFFA, K.F., and TIBONE, T. 1992. Gas exchange and growth of red pine seedlings and trees one year after defoliation. Trees - Structure and Function. 7: 67- 77. RIESKE, L.K. and RAFFA, K.F. 1990. Dispersal patterns and mark-recapture estimates of two pine root weevil species Hylobius pales and Pachylobius picivorus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in Christmas tree plantations. Environ. Entomol. 19: 1829-1836. RIESKE, L.K. and RAFFA, K.F. 1991. Effect of varying ethanol and turpentine levels on attraction of two pine root weevil species Hylobius pales and Pachylobius picivorus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Environ. Entomol. 20: 48-52. SAFRANYIK, L., SHRIMPTON, D.M., and WHITNEY, H.S. 1975. An interpretation of the interaction between lodgepole pine, the mountain pine beetle and its associated blue stain fungi in western Canada, p. 406-428. In Baumgartner, D.M., ed. Management of Lodgepole Pine Ecosystems. WSU Coop. Ext. Serv. SAXE, H. 1993. Triggering and predisposing factors in the "Red" decline syndrome of Norway spruce (Picea abies). Trees 8: 39-48. WARING, R.H. 1987. Characteristics of trees predisposed to die. BioScience 37: 569-574. WARING, R.H. and PITMAN, G.B. 1985. Modifying lodgepole pine stands to change susceptibility to mountain pine beetle attacks. Ecology 66: 889-897. WILSON, L.F. and MILLERS, I. 1983. Pine root collar weevil: Its ecology and management. Tech. Bull. 1675. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. WITCOSKY, J.J. and HANSEN, E.M. 1985. Root-colonizing insects associated with Douglas-fir in various stages of decline due to black-stain root disease. Phytopathol. 75: 399-402. WlTCOSKY, J.J., SCHOWALTER, T.D., and HANSEN, E.M. 1986. The influence of time of precommercial thinning on the colonization success of Douglas-fir by three species of root-colonizing insects. Can. J. For. Res. 16: 745-749. WOOD, D.L. 1972. Selection and colonization of ponderosa pine by bark beetles. Symposium of the Royal Entomol. Soc. London. 6:110-117. WOODCOCK, H., PATTERSON, W.A. III, and DAVIES, EM., JR. 1993. The relationship between site factors and white ask (Fraximus americana L.) decline in Massachusetts. For. Ecol. & Manag. 60:271-290. WRIGHT, L.E., BERRYMAN, A.A., and GURUSIDDIAH, S. 1979. Host resistance to the fir engraver beetle, Scolytus ventralis (Coleoptera:Scolytidae). 4. Effect of defoliation on wound monoterpenes and inner bark carbohydrate concentrations. Can. Entomol. 111: 1255-1261. WRIGHT, L.A., BERRYMAN, A.A., and WICKMAN, B.E. 1984. Abundance of the fir engraver, Scolytus ventralis, and the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae, following tree defoliation by the Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyria pseudotsugata. Can. Entomol. 116: 293-305. 223
DOUGLAS-FIR AND WESTERN LARCH DEFENSIVE REACTIONS TO LEPTOGRAPHIUM ABIETINUM AND OPHIOSTOMA PSEUDOTSUGAE DARRELL W. ROSS 1and HALVOR SOLHEIM 2 _Department of Forest Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331-7501, USA 2Norwegian Forest Research Institute, Section of Forest Ecology, Division of Forest Pathology, N-1423 As-NLH, Norway INTRODUCTION The Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, is one of the most important insects associated with Douglas-fir, Psuedotsugae menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, in western North America (Furniss and Carolin 1977). At high population densities, the beetle is capable of causing significant tree mortality and impacting forest resource values (Cornelius 1955, Rudinsky 1966, Johnson and Belluschi 1969, Furniss and Orr 1978, Furniss et al. 1979). The Douglas-fir beetle usually breeds in recently dead or live Douglas-fir trees. The only other tree species in which the beetle has been reported to successfully breed is western larch (Ross 1967). However, the beetle is apparently able to breed only in dead larch (Furniss et al. 1981). Live larch may be attacked, but brood production from live trees has never been observed. Reed et al. (1986) compared various chemical and physical properties of Douglas-fir and western larch to identify possible reasons that brood fail to survive in live larch trees. Compared with Douglas-fir, larch had a higher content of 3-carene, thinner phloem, higher phloem moisture content, larger diameter vertical resin ducts, and lower oleoresin exudation pressure. The authors speculated that the high content of 3-carene in live larch may be responsible for the failure of Douglas-fir beetle brood in those trees. One or more species of ophiostomatoid fungi are invariably associated with each species of conifer-infesting bark beetle (Whitney 1982, Harrington 1988). Although the ecological relationships among the fungi and bark beetles are not completely understood in many cases, there is evidence that some of these fungi help the beetles to overcome the natural defenses of mass attacked trees. Conifer response to invasion by bark beetles and their associated fungi involves two different systems: (1) the flow of preformed resin from severed resin ducts and (2) the induced wound response or resistant reaction (Reid et al. 1967, Berryman 1972, Christiansen and Horntvedt 1983). The dimensions of the induced response in host tree tissues are generally correlated to the growth of the fungi or the extent of mechanical damage associated with beetle tunneling (Ross et al. 1992, Lieutier 1993, Solheim 1993). If the fungi associated with the Douglas-fir beetle are involved in overcoming tree resistance, then a possible reason for the failure of brood development in larch may be the inability of the fungi to survive and grow in larch. A significant variation in the pathogenicity of the fungi to Douglas-fir and western larch should he reflected by differences in the induced response following artificial inoculations. Despite a considerable amount of past research related to the biology and management of the Douglas-fir beetle, little is known about its funsal associates. The two species of ophiostomatoid fungi most commonly associated with the Douglasfir beetle are Ophiostoma pseudotsugae (Rumb.) yon Arx and Leptographium abietinum (Peck) Wingf. (Rumbold 1936, Harrington 1988, Solheim unpubl.). There are no published reports on the pathogenicity of these fungi or their ecological relationships to the beetle. In 1993, we installed a study to evaluate the pathogenicity of these fungi to Douglas-fir. The final results of that study will be published elsewhere in the near future. At the same time, we installed a small test to assess the response of Douglas-fir and western larch, Larix occidentalis Nutt., to artificial inoculations with these fungi. The objective of our study was to measure the length of the induced response in the phloem of Douglas-fir and western larch following artificial inoculation with O. pseudotsugae and L. abietinum. This paper reports the results of this test. Mattson, W.J., Niemela, E, and Rouse, M., eds. 1996. Dynamics of forest herbivory: quest for pattern and principle. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-183, N.C. For. Exp. Sta., St. Paul, MN 55108. i 224
Page 1 and 2:
"
Page 3 and 4:
DYNAMICS OF FOREST HERBIVORY: QUEST
Page 5 and 6:
TABLE OF CONTENTS Seeking The Rules
Page 7 and 8:
32. Companion planting of the nitro
Page 9 and 10:
GRIMALSKY, ¥.I., Research Institut
Page 11 and 12:
POUTTU, ANTTI, Finnish Forest Resea
Page 13 and 14:
persist in mature leaves and affect
Page 15 and 16:
THE SINK-SOURCE HYPOTHESIS: TYPE AN
Page 17 and 18:
late season defoliation decreases t
Page 19 and 20:
BLANCHE, C.A., LORIO, EL., Jr., SOM
Page 21 and 22:
NIEMELA, R, TUOMI, J,, and LOJANDER
Page 24:
induced reactions have been studied
Page 28 and 29:
summer, but the other sawfly specie
Page 30 and 31:
LARSSON, S., BJ(_RKMAN, C., and GRE
Page 32 and 33:
STAND AND LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY AS A
Page 34 and 35:
not related to resistance to the se
Page 36 and 37:
In contrast to the situation in eas
Page 38 and 39:
ROOT, R.B. 1973. Organization of a
Page 40 and 41:
We tlhus neglect two potential sour
Page 42 and 43:
c__ c__ 1T1 Ill a) a) 0 0 0 e 1 o e
Page 44 and 45:
c_ >l.s S S S m N < DN DN < D c DN
Page 46 and 47:
:hen k > 0 suggest that the cue or
Page 48 and 49:
oth as protective weapons and as po
Page 50 and 51:
DEFENSE THEORIES AND BIRCH RESISTAN
Page 52 and 53:
P 45 A L 40 A T 35 A B 30 I L 25 I
Page 54 and 55:
However, hares showed strong prefer
Page 56 and 57:
DUGLE, J.A. 1966. A taxonomic study
Page 58 and 59:
accommodate findings related to mic
Page 60 and 61:
Table l.--Mean ±S.E. area eaten by
Page 62 and 63:
Sulfhydryl-Disulfide Mechanisms In
Page 64 and 65:
Iraa prior experimental analysis of
Page 66 and 67:
FRAZIER, J.L. and HEITZ, J.R. 1975.
Page 68 and 69:
REICHARD, R 1993. From RNA to DNA,
Page 70 and 71:
; trees, and between and within ind
Page 72 and 73:
Encapsulated objects are data struc
Page 74 and 75:
_re3.--The Lignum model can be cont
Page 76 and 77:
SEVERE DEFOLIATION Tree Fine Root +
Page 78 and 79:
RUMBAUGH, J., BLAHA, M., PREMERLANI
Page 80 and 81:
oo0 a b ol ¢' _achiman_i ()® 1,eA
Page 82 and 83:
1000 Conspicuous Defo i at ion 100
Page 84 and 85:
2.oo 2.oo o t 4 t ¢._ e'- 1.80 1.8
Page 86 and 87:
Qualitative Changes in [,eaves and
Page 88 and 89:
t00 2 Yr 1 Yr o_ 80 Treatment Treat
Page 90 and 91:
Table 2.--Body size of Q. purzctate
Page 92 and 93:
06 b AddedBSA < 04 _ 2rag -'=' i:3
Page 94 and 95:
Severe Defol iat ion Site-A 1993 _
Page 96 and 97:
KAMATA, N. and IGARASHI, M. 1995b.
Page 98 and 99:
enclosure %r 20 post-diapausing sec
Page 100 and 101:
2,500 F 000 F NF NF b _7 a _;_ a _7
Page 102 and 103:
8O D 09 i 4,'.) F AS4L a Z___7 2o !
Page 104 and 105:
2,500 _ st2-st4 El st5 0 st6 [_ pup
Page 106 and 107:
96 SLANSKY, E, Jr. 1990. Insect nut
Page 108 and 109:
later, we selected one more floweri
Page 110 and 111:
Table 2.---Mean spruce budworm perf
Page 112 and 113:
Table 3..--Mean spruce budworm perf
Page 114 and 115:
FOLIVORE FEEDING ON MALE CONIFER FL
Page 116 and 117:
Table 3.--Lymantria monacha prefere
Page 118 and 119:
500- 400- i 300 v ¢ m a 200- I00 L
Page 120 and 121:
From the point of view of trees, th
Page 122 and 123:
THE BLACKMARGINED APHID AS A KEYSTO
Page 124 and 125:
Wood et al. (1987) report that M. c
Page 126 and 127:
MIZELL, R.E 1991. Pesticides and be
Page 128 and 129:
METHODS Study Site The study took p
Page 130 and 131:
the samples. Fertilization had subs
Page 132 and 133:
Table 2.--Percent nutrient content
Page 134 and 135:
Some tree responses to fertilizatio
Page 136 and 137:
PHYTOCHEMICAL PROTECTION AND NATURA
Page 138 and 139:
Indirect effects of abiotic factors
Page 140 and 141:
HUNTER, M.D. and PRICE, P.W. 1992.
Page 142 and 143:
A° ADDITIVE C. HYBRID SUSCEPTIBILI
Page 144 and 145:
Galls, leaf miners, or leaf folds w
Page 146 and 147:
Table 2.--Summary of the hypotheses
Page 148 and 149:
the inheritance patterns of seconda
Page 150 and 151:
FLOATE, K.D. and WHITHAM, T.G. 1993
Page 152 and 153:
Elements of the Suitability/Defense
Page 154 and 155:
Table l.--Comparing the mean number
Page 156 and 157:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors sincer
Page 158 and 159:
SINGH, D.R 1986_ Breeding for resis
Page 160 and 161:
The objectives of this presentation
Page 162 and 163:
Table 1.--Average weevil attack on
Page 164 and 165:
1977, Kline and Mitchell 1979, Wood
Page 166 and 167:
Further research is underway to cla
Page 168 and 169:
A SUGI CLONE HIGHLY PALATABLE TO HA
Page 170 and 171:
RESULTS Seasonal Stability of Palat
Page 172 and 173:
-
Page 174 and 175:
OGAWA, A., NAGATA, Y., and SUKENO,
Page 176 and 177:
MATERIALS AND METHODS Field Work In
Page 178 and 179:
Laboratory Procedures The week afte
Page 180 and 181:
E 120 Nogent-sur-Vernisson Remnings
Page 182 and 183: Interdependence Between Reaction Zo
Page 184 and 185: alance hypothesis (Lorio 1986) cann
Page 186 and 187: SOLHEIM, H., LANGSTROM, B., and HEL
Page 188 and 189: In a second experiment, three 30-ye
Page 190 and 191: Considering biochemical pathways, i
Page 192 and 193: - = 120 N /'_" =40 1/ _ j Days 0 _
Page 194 and 195: BIGGS, A.R. 1985. Suberized boundar
Page 196 and 197: DIFFERENTIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF WHIT
Page 198 and 199: Table 2.--Mortality of white fir pr
Page 200 and 201: Results from the geographic range p
Page 202 and 203: esulting seedlings were then rooted
Page 204 and 205: -0.2 0 5 82. _j -0,4 e a a a D4 E I
Page 206 and 207: 1960, Kalkstein 1976). Increased su
Page 208 and 209: RYAN, B.F., JOtNER, B.L., and RYAN,
Page 210 and 211: It is seldom feasible to control wa
Page 212 and 213: 15 15 u. 10 |O O N tal 5 5 g ao o 4
Page 214 and 215: Only recently have we conducted stu
Page 216 and 217: esistance to beetle attack. Another
Page 218 and 219: LORIO, EL., Jr'. and HODGES, J.D. 1
Page 220 and 221: EFFECTS OF ROOT INHABITING INSECT-F
Page 222 and 223: OCCURRENCE OF ROOT AND STEM SUBCORT
Page 224 and 225: ]Predisposition of Root-infected Tr
Page 226 and 227: chemistry associated with root colo
Page 228 and 229: Implications to Natural Resource Ma
Page 230 and 231: KLEPZIG, K.D., RAFFA, K.F., and SMA
Page 234 and 235: METHODS The study was installed in
Page 236 and 237: FURNISS, M.M., LIVINGSTON, R.L., an
Page 238 and 239: METHODS In the spring and summer of
Page 240 and 241: The importance of a compound as a r
Page 242 and 243: WERNER, R.A. 1995. Toxicity and rep
Page 244 and 245: 41 40 42 \ 4t 42 41 42 ",,,\ 42 40
Page 246 and 247: Table 1.--Summary data for the 26 p
Page 248 and 249: One weakness of using data from gen
Page 250 and 251: Lower Peninsula (populations 14-26)
Page 252 and 253: AUCLAIR, A.ND., WORREST, R.C., LACH
Page 254 and 255: KELLOMAKI, S., HANNINEN, H., and KO
Page 256 and 257: WARGO, RM. and HAACK, R.A. 1991. Un
Page 258 and 259: investigation. Sampling was done on
Page 260 and 261: Figure 2.--Changes in protein preci
Page 262 and 263: q) J 400 T J ! i i i i o control tr
Page 264 and 265: attacked trees than in control tree
Page 266 and 267: ACIDIC DEPOSITION, DROUGHT, AND INS
Page 268 and 269: Table 1.--Impact of acidic fog upon
Page 270 and 271: MENGEL, K., BREININGER, T., and LUT
Page 272 and 273: THE RESISTANCE OF SCOTCH PINE TO DE
Page 274 and 275: EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Experiments we
Page 276 and 277: C w Q. 1,200 1,000 o 800 C_ --- 600
Page 278 and 279: 0 .................................
Page 280 and 281: FONTAtNE, R.G. 1985. Forty years of
Page 282 and 283:
Host Defenses An important componen
Page 284 and 285:
Functional Heterogeneity of Forest
Page 286 and 287:
The Connectivity Index (CI). The CI
Page 288 and 289:
FUNCTIONAL HETEROGENEITYANALYSIS :
Page 290 and 291:
The Modified Hazard Map. The next l
Page 292 and 293:
systems facilitate mapping of fores
Page 294 and 295:
KOLASA, J. and ROLLO, C.D. 1991. In
Page 296:
) i,i_i)i_)i_i_ U.S. Departme_]t of
show all

View or print this publication - Northern Research Station - USDA ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?