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C w Q. 1,200 1,000 o 800 C_ --- 600 0 [] With Gliricidia [] Without Gliricidia P=0.02 C'} P=O.07 IE 400 ............... P=o.s4 /// -1 /// ...... P=0.40 ' "_ //I "+'" I1i 1-0- 200 ............................ /// /// /// /// P=0.96 0 /// 1/92 2/92 3/92 4/92 9/9211/92 1/93 3/93 5/93 7/93 Sample Date Figure 3.--Influence of companion planting Gliricidia sepium with Milicia excelsa on the total number of Phytolyma lata galls on M. excelsa. P-value based on paired t-test. Shading Trial Shading had a significant positive impact on height (Fig. 4). After 1 year, trees grown at the highest level of shade (82%) were nearly 50% taller than trees at 57% shade and 100% taller than trees grown in full sun. In general, there were more leaves produced under shade than in full sunlight, but this pattern was not consistent across sample dates (Fig. 5). Despite the fact that more leaves were available to Phytolyma lata under shade, there were fewer galls per plant under shade (Fig. 6). While this pattern is statistically significant at only two of the sample dates, the pattern is very consistent across all sample dates. Fertilizer Trial Two of the fertilizer treatments, 15-15-15 and 10-4-22, significantly affected Milicia height when compared to the control (Fig. 7). In general the higher the nitrogen the greater the impact. The highest nitrogen content fertilizer also resulted in significantly fewer branch diebacks. Diebacks are positively related to the number of galls (Cobbinah and Wagner 1994). DISCUSSION We are unaware of other studies that have clearly linked companion planting or agroforestry techniques and modifications in the incidence and impact of damaging insects in a tropical ecosystem. While the patterns we observed are not absolutely consistent for all the sample periods, there is sufficient evidence to warrant further study. There is, however, a considerable body of evidence on the relationship between fertilization and insect attack (see Stark 1965, and Schowalter et al. 1986 for reviews). Strauss (1987) observed that fertilization tended to have a positive impact on sap feeding insects and no effect on chewing insects. Several studies have examined the relationship between fertilization and population parameters of the gall-forming adelgid Adelges coolyei (Mitchell and Paul 1974, Johnson et aL 1977, Mitchell and Miller 1976). In each case they found a general trendof fertilization increasing population parameters of Adelges coolyei. While these results are opposite to our own findings, the environmental conditions and plant species are 267
7O Full sun P:O.00 60 [] Light shade Medium shade 50 []Deep shade E o .-, 40 x: 30 E -- P=0,29 -- P=0,06 P=0.0 P=O.O0 2O . _ - 10 .. ...._ 0 10/92 11/92 1/93 3/93 9/93 Sample Date Figure 4.--Height (cm) of Milicia excelsa grown under four levels of shade. Light shade = 33%, Medium shade = 57%, Deep shade = 82%. 00 ................................................................ _-_Full sun P=O,O3 [] Light shade ,_,_ t_ [] Medium shade _\'_ T__150 ................................ _\\, . . . _--° [] Deep shade :::.:_ (1) P=O.06 : i """" __ 100 ....................................................... ..... \\\. 0 E ..... \\\\ t_.tt : .... c- 50 :::: ,-.-,-, ...... :ii :_\'h \\\\ :::: ;ii;_ F_. : \\\\ i:ii i N_ \\\\ ::::: \\\\ ::: :.: : \\',.\ ::,: ,,; \\\\ :::; .... 10/92 11/92 1/93 3/93 Sample Date Figure 5.--Number of Milicia excelsa leaves produced under four levels of shade. Light shade = 33%, Medium shade -- 57%, Deep shade = 82%. 268
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DYNAMICS OF FOREST HERBIVORY: QUEST
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Seeking The Rules
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32. Companion planting of the nitro
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GRIMALSKY, ¥.I., Research Institut
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POUTTU, ANTTI, Finnish Forest Resea
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persist in mature leaves and affect
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THE SINK-SOURCE HYPOTHESIS: TYPE AN
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late season defoliation decreases t
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BLANCHE, C.A., LORIO, EL., Jr., SOM
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NIEMELA, R, TUOMI, J,, and LOJANDER
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induced reactions have been studied
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summer, but the other sawfly specie
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LARSSON, S., BJ(_RKMAN, C., and GRE
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STAND AND LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY AS A
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not related to resistance to the se
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In contrast to the situation in eas
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ROOT, R.B. 1973. Organization of a
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We tlhus neglect two potential sour
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c__ c__ 1T1 Ill a) a) 0 0 0 e 1 o e
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c_ >l.s S S S m N < DN DN < D c DN
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:hen k > 0 suggest that the cue or
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oth as protective weapons and as po
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DEFENSE THEORIES AND BIRCH RESISTAN
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P 45 A L 40 A T 35 A B 30 I L 25 I
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However, hares showed strong prefer
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DUGLE, J.A. 1966. A taxonomic study
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accommodate findings related to mic
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Table l.--Mean ±S.E. area eaten by
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Sulfhydryl-Disulfide Mechanisms In
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Iraa prior experimental analysis of
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FRAZIER, J.L. and HEITZ, J.R. 1975.
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REICHARD, R 1993. From RNA to DNA,
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; trees, and between and within ind
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Encapsulated objects are data struc
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_re3.--The Lignum model can be cont
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SEVERE DEFOLIATION Tree Fine Root +
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RUMBAUGH, J., BLAHA, M., PREMERLANI
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oo0 a b ol ¢' _achiman_i ()® 1,eA
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1000 Conspicuous Defo i at ion 100
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2.oo 2.oo o t 4 t ¢._ e'- 1.80 1.8
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Qualitative Changes in [,eaves and
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t00 2 Yr 1 Yr o_ 80 Treatment Treat
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Table 2.--Body size of Q. purzctate
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06 b AddedBSA < 04 _ 2rag -'=' i:3
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Severe Defol iat ion Site-A 1993 _
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KAMATA, N. and IGARASHI, M. 1995b.
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enclosure %r 20 post-diapausing sec
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2,500 F 000 F NF NF b _7 a _;_ a _7
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8O D 09 i 4,'.) F AS4L a Z___7 2o !
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2,500 _ st2-st4 El st5 0 st6 [_ pup
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96 SLANSKY, E, Jr. 1990. Insect nut
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later, we selected one more floweri
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Table 2.---Mean spruce budworm perf
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Table 3..--Mean spruce budworm perf
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FOLIVORE FEEDING ON MALE CONIFER FL
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Table 3.--Lymantria monacha prefere
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500- 400- i 300 v ¢ m a 200- I00 L
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From the point of view of trees, th
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THE BLACKMARGINED APHID AS A KEYSTO
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Wood et al. (1987) report that M. c
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MIZELL, R.E 1991. Pesticides and be
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METHODS Study Site The study took p
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the samples. Fertilization had subs
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Table 2.--Percent nutrient content
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Some tree responses to fertilizatio
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PHYTOCHEMICAL PROTECTION AND NATURA
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Indirect effects of abiotic factors
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HUNTER, M.D. and PRICE, P.W. 1992.
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A° ADDITIVE C. HYBRID SUSCEPTIBILI
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Galls, leaf miners, or leaf folds w
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Table 2.--Summary of the hypotheses
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the inheritance patterns of seconda
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FLOATE, K.D. and WHITHAM, T.G. 1993
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Elements of the Suitability/Defense
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Table l.--Comparing the mean number
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors sincer
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SINGH, D.R 1986_ Breeding for resis
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The objectives of this presentation
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Table 1.--Average weevil attack on
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1977, Kline and Mitchell 1979, Wood
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Further research is underway to cla
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A SUGI CLONE HIGHLY PALATABLE TO HA
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RESULTS Seasonal Stability of Palat
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-
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OGAWA, A., NAGATA, Y., and SUKENO,
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Field Work In
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Laboratory Procedures The week afte
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E 120 Nogent-sur-Vernisson Remnings
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Interdependence Between Reaction Zo
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alance hypothesis (Lorio 1986) cann
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SOLHEIM, H., LANGSTROM, B., and HEL
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In a second experiment, three 30-ye
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Considering biochemical pathways, i
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- = 120 N /'_" =40 1/ _ j Days 0 _
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BIGGS, A.R. 1985. Suberized boundar
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DIFFERENTIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF WHIT
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Table 2.--Mortality of white fir pr
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Results from the geographic range p
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esulting seedlings were then rooted
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-0.2 0 5 82. _j -0,4 e a a a D4 E I
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1960, Kalkstein 1976). Increased su
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RYAN, B.F., JOtNER, B.L., and RYAN,
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It is seldom feasible to control wa
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15 15 u. 10 |O O N tal 5 5 g ao o 4
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Only recently have we conducted stu
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esistance to beetle attack. Another
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LORIO, EL., Jr'. and HODGES, J.D. 1
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EFFECTS OF ROOT INHABITING INSECT-F
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OCCURRENCE OF ROOT AND STEM SUBCORT
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]Predisposition of Root-infected Tr
Page 226 and 227: chemistry associated with root colo
Page 228 and 229: Implications to Natural Resource Ma
Page 230 and 231: KLEPZIG, K.D., RAFFA, K.F., and SMA
Page 232 and 233: RAFFA, K.F., PHILLIPS, T., and SALO
Page 234 and 235: METHODS The study was installed in
Page 236 and 237: FURNISS, M.M., LIVINGSTON, R.L., an
Page 238 and 239: METHODS In the spring and summer of
Page 240 and 241: The importance of a compound as a r
Page 242 and 243: WERNER, R.A. 1995. Toxicity and rep
Page 244 and 245: 41 40 42 \ 4t 42 41 42 ",,,\ 42 40
Page 246 and 247: Table 1.--Summary data for the 26 p
Page 248 and 249: One weakness of using data from gen
Page 250 and 251: Lower Peninsula (populations 14-26)
Page 252 and 253: AUCLAIR, A.ND., WORREST, R.C., LACH
Page 254 and 255: KELLOMAKI, S., HANNINEN, H., and KO
Page 256 and 257: WARGO, RM. and HAACK, R.A. 1991. Un
Page 258 and 259: investigation. Sampling was done on
Page 260 and 261: Figure 2.--Changes in protein preci
Page 262 and 263: q) J 400 T J ! i i i i o control tr
Page 264 and 265: attacked trees than in control tree
Page 266 and 267: ACIDIC DEPOSITION, DROUGHT, AND INS
Page 268 and 269: Table 1.--Impact of acidic fog upon
Page 270 and 271: MENGEL, K., BREININGER, T., and LUT
Page 272 and 273: THE RESISTANCE OF SCOTCH PINE TO DE
Page 274 and 275: EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Experiments we
Page 278 and 279: 0 .................................
Page 280 and 281: FONTAtNE, R.G. 1985. Forty years of
Page 282 and 283: Host Defenses An important componen
Page 284 and 285: Functional Heterogeneity of Forest
Page 286 and 287: The Connectivity Index (CI). The CI
Page 288 and 289: FUNCTIONAL HETEROGENEITYANALYSIS :
Page 290 and 291: The Modified Hazard Map. The next l
Page 292 and 293: systems facilitate mapping of fores
Page 294 and 295: KOLASA, J. and ROLLO, C.D. 1991. In
Page 296: ) i,i_i)i_)i_i_ U.S. Departme_]t of
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