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WERNER, R.A. 1995. Toxicity and repellency of 4-allylanisole and monoterpenes from white spruce and tamarack to the spruce beetle and eastern larch beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Environ. Entomol. 24: 151-158. WHITE, RR. and HOBSON, K.R. t993. Stereospecific antennal response by the red turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus valens to chiral monoterpenes from ponderosa pine resin. J. Chem. Ecol. t9:2193-2202. WOOD, D.L. 1982. The role of pheromones and atlomones in the host selection and colonization behavior of bark beetles. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 27:411-446. ZAVARIN, E., COBB, F.W., Jr., BERGOT, J. and BARBER, H.W. 1971. Variation of the Pinus ponderosa needle oil with season and needle age. Phytochemistry 10:3107-3114. 233
WILL GLOBAL WARMING ALTER PAPER BIRCH SUSCEPTIBILITY TO BRONZE BIRCH BORER ATTACK? ROBERT A. HAACK USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station 1407 S. Harrison Road, East Lansing, M148823, USA INTRODUCTION According to several general circulation models, a rapid climatic warming of 1-5°C in the annual global-mean surface air temperature is predicted by the year 2050 (Shands and Hoffman 1987, MacCracken et al. 1990, Karl et al. 1991, Schlesinger and Jiang 1991, IPCC 1992, Peters 1992, Bengtsson 1994). Some forest entomologists predict an increase in outbreak frequency of certain forest insects as a result of global warming (Kellomaki et al. 1988, Hedden 1989, Franklin et al. 1992, Fleming and Volney 1995), although the actual response may be difficult to predict due to the many interacting biotic and abiotic factors (Hedden 1989, Porter et al. 1991, Cammell and Knight 1992, Dewar and Watt 1992, Ayres 1993, Scriber and Gage 1995, Williams and Liebhold 1995). Is there a way to test whether climate change will alter tree susceptibility to insect attack? One method is to look for patterns of differential insect attack within genetic test plantations where trees of known genetic background grow together at the same test site. Frequently, the primary objective of genetic test plantings is to identify either specific families or geographic seed sources (provenances) that performed well at a particular location, especially with respect to growth and form characteristics. The trees in genetic test plantings, particularly provenance tests, commonly originate from several distant locations, often representing several contrasting climates. Because tree populations become genetically adapted to their local conditions, one major factor that affects their performance when moved to a new location is the difference in climate between the original and the new location (Wright 1976, Kozlowski et al. 1991, Schmidtling 1994). Data from genetic test plantings have only recently been examined to elucidate how some tree species might respond to global warming (Matyas 1994, Schmidtling 1994). Similarly unexplored has been the use of provenance plantation data to predict how global warming will affect tree susceptibility to insect attack. In this paper, I explore how global warming might alter susceptibility of paper birch, Betula papyrifera Marsh., to the bronze birch borer, Agrilus anxius Gory (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). This particular tree-insect combination was selected because (1) paper birch appears highly sensitive to environmental stress given that several large scale declines of paper birch have been reported this century in eastern North America, and (2) the bronze birch borer has usually been the ultimate mortality agent of stressed birch trees (Slingerland 1906, Swaine 1918, Spaulding and MacAloney 1931, Balch and Prebble 1940, Hawboldt 1947, Nash et al. 1951, Barter 1957, Redmond 1957, Clark and Barter 1958, Haack and Mattson 1989, Jones et al. 1993, Braathe 1995). Birch mortality as a result of bronze birch borer attack has followed stress events such as drought, extreme cold winter temperatures that follow closely behind a winter thaw, elevated growing season temperatures, high soil water tables, years of heavy seed crops, and years of severe insect defoliation (Redmond 1955, 1957; Clark and Barter 1958; Herms 1991; Herms and Mattson 1991; Auclair et al. 1992; Jones et al. 1993; Auclair et al. 1995; Braathe 1995). Paper birch is a boreal species, and in Michigan it reaches its southernmost range near the center of Michigan's lower peninsula. The ecotone between boreal and temperate forests closely follows the 47°F (8.3"C) average annual mean temperature isotherm in Michigan (Fig. 1). Typically, annual mean temperature decreases steadily with increasing latitude, but in Michigan, the Great Lakes cause a semi-marine type climate, causing isotherms to closely follow the lakes' shorelines (Fig. 1). This feature of moderately vertical isotherms in portions of Michigan allows for great variation in climatic conditions within a rather narrow latitudinal band. Michigan is relatively flat, ranging in elevation from 174 to 604 m (572-1,980 ft) above sea level. Mattson, W.J., Niemel/i, R, and Rousi, M., eds. 1996. Dynamics of forest herbivory: quest for pattern and principle. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-183, N.C. For. Exp. Sta., St. Paul, MN 55108. 234
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"
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DYNAMICS OF FOREST HERBIVORY: QUEST
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Seeking The Rules
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32. Companion planting of the nitro
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GRIMALSKY, ¥.I., Research Institut
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POUTTU, ANTTI, Finnish Forest Resea
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persist in mature leaves and affect
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THE SINK-SOURCE HYPOTHESIS: TYPE AN
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late season defoliation decreases t
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BLANCHE, C.A., LORIO, EL., Jr., SOM
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NIEMELA, R, TUOMI, J,, and LOJANDER
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induced reactions have been studied
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summer, but the other sawfly specie
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LARSSON, S., BJ(_RKMAN, C., and GRE
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STAND AND LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY AS A
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not related to resistance to the se
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In contrast to the situation in eas
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ROOT, R.B. 1973. Organization of a
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We tlhus neglect two potential sour
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c__ c__ 1T1 Ill a) a) 0 0 0 e 1 o e
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c_ >l.s S S S m N < DN DN < D c DN
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:hen k > 0 suggest that the cue or
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oth as protective weapons and as po
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DEFENSE THEORIES AND BIRCH RESISTAN
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P 45 A L 40 A T 35 A B 30 I L 25 I
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However, hares showed strong prefer
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DUGLE, J.A. 1966. A taxonomic study
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accommodate findings related to mic
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Table l.--Mean ±S.E. area eaten by
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Sulfhydryl-Disulfide Mechanisms In
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Iraa prior experimental analysis of
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FRAZIER, J.L. and HEITZ, J.R. 1975.
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REICHARD, R 1993. From RNA to DNA,
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; trees, and between and within ind
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Encapsulated objects are data struc
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_re3.--The Lignum model can be cont
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SEVERE DEFOLIATION Tree Fine Root +
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RUMBAUGH, J., BLAHA, M., PREMERLANI
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oo0 a b ol ¢' _achiman_i ()® 1,eA
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1000 Conspicuous Defo i at ion 100
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2.oo 2.oo o t 4 t ¢._ e'- 1.80 1.8
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Qualitative Changes in [,eaves and
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t00 2 Yr 1 Yr o_ 80 Treatment Treat
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Table 2.--Body size of Q. purzctate
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06 b AddedBSA < 04 _ 2rag -'=' i:3
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Severe Defol iat ion Site-A 1993 _
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KAMATA, N. and IGARASHI, M. 1995b.
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enclosure %r 20 post-diapausing sec
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2,500 F 000 F NF NF b _7 a _;_ a _7
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8O D 09 i 4,'.) F AS4L a Z___7 2o !
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2,500 _ st2-st4 El st5 0 st6 [_ pup
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96 SLANSKY, E, Jr. 1990. Insect nut
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later, we selected one more floweri
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Table 2.---Mean spruce budworm perf
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Table 3..--Mean spruce budworm perf
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FOLIVORE FEEDING ON MALE CONIFER FL
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Table 3.--Lymantria monacha prefere
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500- 400- i 300 v ¢ m a 200- I00 L
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From the point of view of trees, th
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THE BLACKMARGINED APHID AS A KEYSTO
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Wood et al. (1987) report that M. c
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MIZELL, R.E 1991. Pesticides and be
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METHODS Study Site The study took p
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the samples. Fertilization had subs
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Table 2.--Percent nutrient content
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Some tree responses to fertilizatio
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PHYTOCHEMICAL PROTECTION AND NATURA
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Indirect effects of abiotic factors
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HUNTER, M.D. and PRICE, P.W. 1992.
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A° ADDITIVE C. HYBRID SUSCEPTIBILI
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Galls, leaf miners, or leaf folds w
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Table 2.--Summary of the hypotheses
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the inheritance patterns of seconda
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FLOATE, K.D. and WHITHAM, T.G. 1993
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Elements of the Suitability/Defense
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Table l.--Comparing the mean number
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors sincer
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SINGH, D.R 1986_ Breeding for resis
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The objectives of this presentation
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Table 1.--Average weevil attack on
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1977, Kline and Mitchell 1979, Wood
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Further research is underway to cla
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A SUGI CLONE HIGHLY PALATABLE TO HA
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RESULTS Seasonal Stability of Palat
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-
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OGAWA, A., NAGATA, Y., and SUKENO,
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Field Work In
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Laboratory Procedures The week afte
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E 120 Nogent-sur-Vernisson Remnings
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Interdependence Between Reaction Zo
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alance hypothesis (Lorio 1986) cann
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SOLHEIM, H., LANGSTROM, B., and HEL
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In a second experiment, three 30-ye
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Considering biochemical pathways, i
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Page 194 and 195: BIGGS, A.R. 1985. Suberized boundar
Page 196 and 197: DIFFERENTIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF WHIT
Page 198 and 199: Table 2.--Mortality of white fir pr
Page 200 and 201: Results from the geographic range p
Page 202 and 203: esulting seedlings were then rooted
Page 204 and 205: -0.2 0 5 82. _j -0,4 e a a a D4 E I
Page 206 and 207: 1960, Kalkstein 1976). Increased su
Page 208 and 209: RYAN, B.F., JOtNER, B.L., and RYAN,
Page 210 and 211: It is seldom feasible to control wa
Page 212 and 213: 15 15 u. 10 |O O N tal 5 5 g ao o 4
Page 214 and 215: Only recently have we conducted stu
Page 216 and 217: esistance to beetle attack. Another
Page 218 and 219: LORIO, EL., Jr'. and HODGES, J.D. 1
Page 220 and 221: EFFECTS OF ROOT INHABITING INSECT-F
Page 222 and 223: OCCURRENCE OF ROOT AND STEM SUBCORT
Page 224 and 225: ]Predisposition of Root-infected Tr
Page 226 and 227: chemistry associated with root colo
Page 228 and 229: Implications to Natural Resource Ma
Page 230 and 231: KLEPZIG, K.D., RAFFA, K.F., and SMA
Page 232 and 233: RAFFA, K.F., PHILLIPS, T., and SALO
Page 234 and 235: METHODS The study was installed in
Page 236 and 237: FURNISS, M.M., LIVINGSTON, R.L., an
Page 238 and 239: METHODS In the spring and summer of
Page 240 and 241: The importance of a compound as a r
Page 244 and 245: 41 40 42 \ 4t 42 41 42 ",,,\ 42 40
Page 246 and 247: Table 1.--Summary data for the 26 p
Page 248 and 249: One weakness of using data from gen
Page 250 and 251: Lower Peninsula (populations 14-26)
Page 252 and 253: AUCLAIR, A.ND., WORREST, R.C., LACH
Page 254 and 255: KELLOMAKI, S., HANNINEN, H., and KO
Page 256 and 257: WARGO, RM. and HAACK, R.A. 1991. Un
Page 258 and 259: investigation. Sampling was done on
Page 260 and 261: Figure 2.--Changes in protein preci
Page 262 and 263: q) J 400 T J ! i i i i o control tr
Page 264 and 265: attacked trees than in control tree
Page 266 and 267: ACIDIC DEPOSITION, DROUGHT, AND INS
Page 268 and 269: Table 1.--Impact of acidic fog upon
Page 270 and 271: MENGEL, K., BREININGER, T., and LUT
Page 272 and 273: THE RESISTANCE OF SCOTCH PINE TO DE
Page 274 and 275: EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Experiments we
Page 276 and 277: C w Q. 1,200 1,000 o 800 C_ --- 600
Page 278 and 279: 0 .................................
Page 280 and 281: FONTAtNE, R.G. 1985. Forty years of
Page 282 and 283: Host Defenses An important componen
Page 284 and 285: Functional Heterogeneity of Forest
Page 286 and 287: The Connectivity Index (CI). The CI
Page 288 and 289: FUNCTIONAL HETEROGENEITYANALYSIS :
Page 290 and 291: The Modified Hazard Map. The next l
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systems facilitate mapping of fores
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KOLASA, J. and ROLLO, C.D. 1991. In
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) i,i_i)i_)i_i_ U.S. Departme_]t of
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