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SINGH, D.R 1986_ Breeding for resistance to disease and insect pests. Springer Verlag, NY. 222 p. STACE, C.A. 1987. Hybridization and the plant species, p. 115-127. In Urbanska, K.M., ed. Differentiation Patterns in Higher Plants. Academic Press, NY. TAHVANAINEN, J. and NIEMELA, R 1987. Biogeographical and evolutionary aspects of insect herbivory. Ann. Zool. Fenn. 24: 239-247. WHITHAM, T.G., MORROW, RA., and POTTS, B.M. 1994. Plant hybrid zones as centers of biodiversity: the herbivore community of two endemic Tasmanian eucalyptus. Oecologia 97: 481-490. WHITHAM, T.G. 1989. Plant hybrid zones as sinks for pests. Science 244: 1490-1493. WRIGHT, J.W. 1955. Species crossability in spruce in relation to distribution and taxonomy. For. Sci. 1: 319-349. YEH, EC. and ARNOTT, J.T. 1986. Electrophoretic and morphological differentiation of Picea sitchensis, Picea glauca, and their hybrids. Can. J. For. Res. 16:791-798. ZOBEL, B. and TALBER_I; J. t984. Applied forest tree improvement. John Wiley and Sons, NY. 505 p. 149
RECENT ADVANCES IN RESEARCH ON WHITE PINE WEEVIL ATTACNG SPRUCES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA G.K. KISS I, A.D. YANCHUK 2, R.I. ALFARO a, J.E. CARLSON 4, and J.F. MANVILLE 3 1British Columbia Forest Service, Kalamalka Forestry Centre, Vernon, British Columbia, Canada 2British Columbia Forest Service, Research Branch, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada 3Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Research Centre, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada 4University of British Columbia, Biotechnology Laboratory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada INTRODUCTION Interior spruce (a collective term for white spruce, Picea gIauca (Moench) Voss; Engelmann spruce, Picea engelmanni Parry, and their varying degrees of hybrids) is a very important timber resource for the province of British Columbia. Over 100 million interior spruce seedlings are planted annually. An estimated 1.38 billion seedlings have been planted to date, and the total number of hectares planted in spruce is over 1.3 million. White pine weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck, is a major cause of Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr., plantation failure in coastal British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon (McMullen 1976; Furniss and Carolin 1977; MacSiurtain I981, Alfaro 1982, 1989). This pest is also becoming an important menace to interior spruce plantations, causing considerable damage to both yield and quality of product (Cozens 1983, Taylor et al. 1991). Adult weevils overwinter in the duff layer of the forest floor and begin laying their eggs in the bark of young spruce trees (generally 3-30 years old) near the tip of the previous ye.ar's shoot in early summer. Young weevil larvae feed on the phloem of the leader, moving downwards in the process (Silver 1968). Once a feeding ring is formed, the leader of the tree dies. In their downward movement, the larvae can destroy up to 4 years of growth. Literature sources refer to the successful colonization of the leader as weevil attack; this terminology will be maintained in this report. Repeated leader destruction causes loss of height growth and stem deformities, which leads to quality reduction (Alfaro 1989 and 1992). Selection of spruce varieties genetically resistant to weevil damage is a potential tool for the reduction of weevil damage in future plantations. Genetic resistance could manifest itself in several forms. Morphological and anatomical differences could make certain trees less susceptible to feeding, ovipositioning, and to the development of the larvae (Plank and Gerhold 1965, Stroh and Gerhold 1965). Another possible resistance mechanism consists of variations in the chemical composition of resistant trees that make them less attractive to weevils. Phagostimulants may be lacking in some trees, which can render them less attractive to weevils. Alternately, the presence of feeding repellents, deterrents, or toxic compounds may provide an effective defense mechanism (van Buijtenen and Santamour 1972; Bridgen et al. 1979; Alfaxo 1980; Alfaro et al. 1980, 1984; Alfaro and Borden 1982, 1985; Wilkinson 1985; Brooks et al. 1987 a, b). The impact of weevil damage could be mitigated by the ability of the trees to recover from the attack (Painter 1951 ). Tolerant trees are more likely to overcome the effect of attacks and will suffer less growth and quality loss. This depends largely on the ability of one of the lateral branches to gain apical dominance quickly after the leader has been killed. Trees lacking this ability will develop multiple leaders (forks) and often are stunted. Evaluation of various trials in British Columbia provided strong evidence for genetic variation in susceptibility for weevil damage in both Sitka spruce (Ying 1991, Alfaro and Ying 1990) and interior spruce (Kiss and Yanchuk 1991). Mattson, W.J., NiemelL P., and Rousi, M., eds. 1996. Dynamics of forest herbivory: quest for pattern and principle. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-183, N.C. For. Exp. Sta., St. Paul, MN 55108. 150
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DYNAMICS OF FOREST HERBIVORY: QUEST
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Seeking The Rules
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32. Companion planting of the nitro
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GRIMALSKY, ¥.I., Research Institut
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POUTTU, ANTTI, Finnish Forest Resea
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persist in mature leaves and affect
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THE SINK-SOURCE HYPOTHESIS: TYPE AN
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late season defoliation decreases t
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BLANCHE, C.A., LORIO, EL., Jr., SOM
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NIEMELA, R, TUOMI, J,, and LOJANDER
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induced reactions have been studied
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summer, but the other sawfly specie
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LARSSON, S., BJ(_RKMAN, C., and GRE
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STAND AND LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY AS A
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not related to resistance to the se
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In contrast to the situation in eas
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ROOT, R.B. 1973. Organization of a
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We tlhus neglect two potential sour
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c__ c__ 1T1 Ill a) a) 0 0 0 e 1 o e
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c_ >l.s S S S m N < DN DN < D c DN
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:hen k > 0 suggest that the cue or
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oth as protective weapons and as po
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DEFENSE THEORIES AND BIRCH RESISTAN
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P 45 A L 40 A T 35 A B 30 I L 25 I
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However, hares showed strong prefer
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DUGLE, J.A. 1966. A taxonomic study
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accommodate findings related to mic
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Table l.--Mean ±S.E. area eaten by
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Sulfhydryl-Disulfide Mechanisms In
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Iraa prior experimental analysis of
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FRAZIER, J.L. and HEITZ, J.R. 1975.
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REICHARD, R 1993. From RNA to DNA,
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; trees, and between and within ind
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Encapsulated objects are data struc
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_re3.--The Lignum model can be cont
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SEVERE DEFOLIATION Tree Fine Root +
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RUMBAUGH, J., BLAHA, M., PREMERLANI
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oo0 a b ol ¢' _achiman_i ()® 1,eA
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1000 Conspicuous Defo i at ion 100
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2.oo 2.oo o t 4 t ¢._ e'- 1.80 1.8
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Qualitative Changes in [,eaves and
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t00 2 Yr 1 Yr o_ 80 Treatment Treat
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Table 2.--Body size of Q. purzctate
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06 b AddedBSA < 04 _ 2rag -'=' i:3
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Severe Defol iat ion Site-A 1993 _
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KAMATA, N. and IGARASHI, M. 1995b.
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enclosure %r 20 post-diapausing sec
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2,500 F 000 F NF NF b _7 a _;_ a _7
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8O D 09 i 4,'.) F AS4L a Z___7 2o !
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2,500 _ st2-st4 El st5 0 st6 [_ pup
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96 SLANSKY, E, Jr. 1990. Insect nut
Page 108 and 109: later, we selected one more floweri
Page 110 and 111: Table 2.---Mean spruce budworm perf
Page 112 and 113: Table 3..--Mean spruce budworm perf
Page 114 and 115: FOLIVORE FEEDING ON MALE CONIFER FL
Page 116 and 117: Table 3.--Lymantria monacha prefere
Page 118 and 119: 500- 400- i 300 v ¢ m a 200- I00 L
Page 120 and 121: From the point of view of trees, th
Page 122 and 123: THE BLACKMARGINED APHID AS A KEYSTO
Page 124 and 125: Wood et al. (1987) report that M. c
Page 126 and 127: MIZELL, R.E 1991. Pesticides and be
Page 128 and 129: METHODS Study Site The study took p
Page 130 and 131: the samples. Fertilization had subs
Page 132 and 133: Table 2.--Percent nutrient content
Page 134 and 135: Some tree responses to fertilizatio
Page 136 and 137: PHYTOCHEMICAL PROTECTION AND NATURA
Page 138 and 139: Indirect effects of abiotic factors
Page 140 and 141: HUNTER, M.D. and PRICE, P.W. 1992.
Page 142 and 143: A° ADDITIVE C. HYBRID SUSCEPTIBILI
Page 144 and 145: Galls, leaf miners, or leaf folds w
Page 146 and 147: Table 2.--Summary of the hypotheses
Page 148 and 149: the inheritance patterns of seconda
Page 150 and 151: FLOATE, K.D. and WHITHAM, T.G. 1993
Page 152 and 153: Elements of the Suitability/Defense
Page 154 and 155: Table l.--Comparing the mean number
Page 156 and 157: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors sincer
Page 160 and 161: The objectives of this presentation
Page 162 and 163: Table 1.--Average weevil attack on
Page 164 and 165: 1977, Kline and Mitchell 1979, Wood
Page 166 and 167: Further research is underway to cla
Page 168 and 169: A SUGI CLONE HIGHLY PALATABLE TO HA
Page 170 and 171: RESULTS Seasonal Stability of Palat
Page 172 and 173: -
Page 174 and 175: OGAWA, A., NAGATA, Y., and SUKENO,
Page 176 and 177: MATERIALS AND METHODS Field Work In
Page 178 and 179: Laboratory Procedures The week afte
Page 180 and 181: E 120 Nogent-sur-Vernisson Remnings
Page 182 and 183: Interdependence Between Reaction Zo
Page 184 and 185: alance hypothesis (Lorio 1986) cann
Page 186 and 187: SOLHEIM, H., LANGSTROM, B., and HEL
Page 188 and 189: In a second experiment, three 30-ye
Page 190 and 191: Considering biochemical pathways, i
Page 192 and 193: - = 120 N /'_" =40 1/ _ j Days 0 _
Page 194 and 195: BIGGS, A.R. 1985. Suberized boundar
Page 196 and 197: DIFFERENTIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF WHIT
Page 198 and 199: Table 2.--Mortality of white fir pr
Page 200 and 201: Results from the geographic range p
Page 202 and 203: esulting seedlings were then rooted
Page 204 and 205: -0.2 0 5 82. _j -0,4 e a a a D4 E I
Page 206 and 207: 1960, Kalkstein 1976). Increased su
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RYAN, B.F., JOtNER, B.L., and RYAN,
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It is seldom feasible to control wa
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15 15 u. 10 |O O N tal 5 5 g ao o 4
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Only recently have we conducted stu
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esistance to beetle attack. Another
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LORIO, EL., Jr'. and HODGES, J.D. 1
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EFFECTS OF ROOT INHABITING INSECT-F
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OCCURRENCE OF ROOT AND STEM SUBCORT
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]Predisposition of Root-infected Tr
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chemistry associated with root colo
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Implications to Natural Resource Ma
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KLEPZIG, K.D., RAFFA, K.F., and SMA
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RAFFA, K.F., PHILLIPS, T., and SALO
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METHODS The study was installed in
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FURNISS, M.M., LIVINGSTON, R.L., an
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METHODS In the spring and summer of
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The importance of a compound as a r
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WERNER, R.A. 1995. Toxicity and rep
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41 40 42 \ 4t 42 41 42 ",,,\ 42 40
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Table 1.--Summary data for the 26 p
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One weakness of using data from gen
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Lower Peninsula (populations 14-26)
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AUCLAIR, A.ND., WORREST, R.C., LACH
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KELLOMAKI, S., HANNINEN, H., and KO
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WARGO, RM. and HAACK, R.A. 1991. Un
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investigation. Sampling was done on
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Figure 2.--Changes in protein preci
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q) J 400 T J ! i i i i o control tr
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attacked trees than in control tree
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ACIDIC DEPOSITION, DROUGHT, AND INS
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Table 1.--Impact of acidic fog upon
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MENGEL, K., BREININGER, T., and LUT
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THE RESISTANCE OF SCOTCH PINE TO DE
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EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Experiments we
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C w Q. 1,200 1,000 o 800 C_ --- 600
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0 .................................
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FONTAtNE, R.G. 1985. Forty years of
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Host Defenses An important componen
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Functional Heterogeneity of Forest
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The Connectivity Index (CI). The CI
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FUNCTIONAL HETEROGENEITYANALYSIS :
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The Modified Hazard Map. The next l
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systems facilitate mapping of fores
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KOLASA, J. and ROLLO, C.D. 1991. In
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) i,i_i)i_)i_i_ U.S. Departme_]t of
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